cellular respiration Flashcards
What is the chemical reaction for cellular respiration?
oxygen + energy = CO2 + H2O+ ATP
Glycolysis
- occurs in cytoplasm
- glucose is split into pyruvate
How many ATP is needed to split glucose?
2
Products of glycolysis
2 NADH, 4 ATP, 2 pyruvate
Pyruvate oxidation
process of oxidizing pyruvate for the krebs cycle
- occurs in mitochondria
- pyruvate becomes acetate
Products of pyruvate oxidation
2 NADH, 2 CO2, 2 Acetyl CoA
krebs cycle
- oxaloacetate becomes citric acid cycle
- 2c itric acid undergoes a series of reactions that help make 2 Co2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2 for each citric acid molecule
ETC
- the electron carriers NADH and FADH2 make their way through the chain
- it promotes the movement of oxidated hydrogen ions which helps make a gradient
- the movement of hydrogen ions through ATP synthase helps make 32 ATP
How do we get 32 ATP?
- each NADH makes 3 ATPS, each FADH2 makes 2 ATP
- glycolysis yields 2 NADH
- pyruvate oxid, yields 2 NADH
- krebs yields 6 NADH
- 10 NADH x 3 ATP = 30 ATP
- 2 FADH2 x 2 ATP= 4 ATP
sexual reproduction
performed by multicellular organisms, 2 parents, leads to genetic variation
asexual reproduction
performed by unicellular organisms, only involve one parent
mitosis
- apart of cell cycle
- preceded by interphase
- type of asexual reproduction
Interphase
G1- growth
S- replication phase
G3- prepare for division
prophase
- first stage of mitosis
- replicated dna condenses into chromosomes
metaphase
chromosomes align in the middle
anaphase
chromosomes separate and migrate towards opposite poles
telophase
nuclear envelope re-emerges
cytokineses
forms a cleavage furrow
-the end product is 2 identical daughter cells
meiosis 1
- form of sexual reproduction
- occurs in reproductive organs
- forms 4 gametes or daughter cells
- has two divisions
haploid
cell with 1/2 the # of chromosomes
prophase 1
cell undergoes synaspsis where homologous chromosomes fuse to form a tetrad and genetic crossover occurs
metaphase 1
each tetrad will align in the middle
