chapter 12 study guide

Question 1

sworn associations of free men in Italian cities led by merchant guilds that sought political and economic independence from local nobles

Answer 1

communes

Question 2

a program of study designed by Italians that emphasized the critical study of Latin and Greek literature with the goal of understanding human nature

Answer 2

humanism

Question 3

disenfranchised common people in Italian cities who resented their exclusion from power

Answer 3

popolo

Question 4

a French word meaning “rebirth”, used to describe the ribirth of the culture of classical antiquity in Italy during the 14th-16th centuries

Answer 4

Renaissance

Question 5

northern humanists who interpreted Italian ideas about and attitudes toward classical antiquity and humanism in terms of their own religious traditions

Answer 5

christian humanists

Question 6

a term for Jews and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula who accepted Christianity; in many cases they included christians whose families had converted centuries earlier

Answer 6

new christians

Question 7

magnificent households and palaces where signori and other rulers lived, conducted business, and supported the arts

Answer 7

courts

Question 8

financial support of writers and artists by cities, groups, and individuals, often to produce specific works or works in specific styles

Answer 8

patronage

Question 9

government by one-man rule in Italian cities such as Milan; also refers to these rulers

Answer 9

signori

Question 10

the quality of being able to shape the world according to one’s will

Answer 10

virtu

Question 11

Utopia: societies problems can be solved by a beneficent gov.

Answer 11

thomas moore

Question 12

women’s sphere of activity was private and domestic

Answer 12

renaissance humanists

Question 13

renaissance grouped people based on ethnic, national, or religious factors

Answer 13

race

Question 14

dynastic union but didn’t unify all the kingdoms in spain

Answer 14

ferdinand of aragon and isabella of castile

Question 15

limited success of frescos because the technique was done in public

Answer 15

women as painters

Question 16

reinforced social hierarchies, impose moral standards, protect local industries

Answer 16

sumptuary laws

Question 17

gov. should be judged on providing order, security, and safety of the populace

Answer 17

machiavelli

Question 18

patron of renaissance artists in florence

Answer 18

cosimo de medici

Question 19

glorification of individual genius

Answer 19

central component of the Italian Renaissance

Question 20

manifested corporate power

Answer 20

early renaissance art

Question 21

great commercial rivalry in Italy during

Answer 21

the renaissance

Question 22

debate among writers and thinkers in the Renaissance about women’s qualities and proper role in society

Answer 22

debate about women

Question 23

what characterizes the nobilities status in the renaissance

Answer 23

wealth and dominance

Question 24

the ability to shape the world around oneself according to one’s will is called

Answer 24

virtu

Question 25

what is the importance of “Fate” in the prince

Answer 25

argues that the function of a ruler is to preserve order and security
weakness is disorder-can cause civil war
rulers should use manipulation, lying or brutality to preserve the state but shouldn’t do anything to make the populace turn against them (cruelty or stealing)

Question 26

italian humanists stressed what

Answer 26

humanism, education, classics in latin and greek

Question 27

pico della mirandola views on the uniqueness of humankind

Answer 27

we are intelligent and above animals, we are made in God’s image, God loves us

Question 28

court with stars painted on the ceiling; council dealt with real or potential aristocratic threats through a judicial offset

Answer 28

star chamber

Question 29

girolamo savonarola is characterized by what

Answer 29

preached that God would punish italy for corrupt leaders

Question 30

what are francesco petrarch’s beliefs

Answer 30

thought roman writings were perfect and that the recovery of classical texts would bring a golden age of intellectual achievement

Question 31

metalworker who invented the printing press

Answer 31

johann gutenberg

Question 32

tudor, henry vii of england gained support how

Answer 32

chose small landowning men and men trained in law to be his advisors

Question 33

michelangelo was commissioned to do what for pope julius ii

Answer 33

paint ceiling of vatican’s sistine chapel in 1508

Question 34

iberian peninsula-social position of african slaves

Answer 34

concentrated there, show wealth, and provide entertainment

Question 35

who supported the renaissance artists financially

Answer 35

wealthy patrons

Question 36

why did women receive less compensation in the renaissance

Answer 36

viewed as demanding, devious, domineering

stick to the house, and uncommon to do art

Question 37

christian humanist beliefs

Answer 37

best elements of classical and christian cultures should be combined
ex. calmness, stoical patience, and broad-mindedness meets love, faith, hope

Question 38

spanish inquisition attempted what

Answer 38

questioned theresa of avila because she thought women should have strict guidelines to live by-interrogated her to make sure she was inspired by God
she succeeded and gained many followers

Question 39

castiglione’s, the courtier, main goal was what

Answer 39

train, discipline, and fashion a young man into the courtly ideal gentleman

Question 40

who were the spanish conversos

Answer 40

jewish and muslim people forced to convert to christianity; usually were well-educated and help prominent positions in society

Question 41

who were referred to as “new christians”

Answer 41

jews and muslims

Question 42

what was the concordat of bologna

Answer 42

approved pope’s right to receive the first year’s income of newly named bishops and abbots in france
in return, leo x recognized the french ruler’s right to select french bishops and abbots
french kings thereafter effectively controlled the appointment and thus the policies of church officials in the kingdom

Question 43

giorgio vasari coined the term what

Answer 43

renaissance