ch 16 study guide Flashcards
leopold 2 cancelled joseph’s edicts why
to reestablish order
what were the religious perspectives to copernicus’s hypothesis
Protestant-some became avid copernicans, some accepted a few elements of his criticisms of ptolemy but did not believe the earth moved
catholic-copernicus’s ideas drew little attention until it was declared false in 1616
kepler elliptical orbit of planets produced what
3 laws: demonstrated planet orbits are elliptical, demonstrated planets don’t move at uniform speed-speed up and slow down in relation to the sun, and time a planted takes to make its complete orbit is precisely related to its distance from the sun
*monumental-united theoretical cosmology of natural philosophy with math and demolished the old system of ptolemy and aristotle
galileo’s experimental method
what was the goal
instead of speculating about what might or should happen, galileo conducted experiments to find out what actually did happen
led to formation of law o inertia
newton’s law of universal gravitation
how did it mature the scientific revolution
- every body in the universe attracts every other body in the universe in a precise math relationship, whereby the force of attraction is proportional to the quantity of mater of the object and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them
- shaped physics and helped upcoming scholars in fields of medicine, chemistry, and botany, etc. to use new methods to seek answers to long-standing problems and sharing their results in a community that spanned europe
rococo-what are the characteristics
a popular style in europe in the 18th century, known for its soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, and starry-eyed lovers protected by hovering cupids
rene descartes’ theories of nature
matter was made up of identical “corpuscles” that collided together in an endless series of motions, all occurrences in nature could be analyzed as a matter in motion, total “quantity of motion” in the universe was constant, vacuum was impossible-every action has an equal reaction which results in a continuing in an eternal chain reaction, cartesian dualism-all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter
empiricism
a theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence though observation and experimentation rather than deductive reason and speculation
who translated newton’s principia into french
emilie du chatelet
pierre bayle
1647-1706, a french protestant (huguenot) who took refuge from the government persecution in the dutch republic, demonstrated that human beliefs had been extremely varied and very often mistaken, he concluded that nothing can ever be known beyond all doubt: a view known as skepticism
scientific racism helped what
legitimate and justify e tremendous growth of slavery that occurred during the 18th century
what didn’t allow catherine the great’s domestic reform to happen
emelian pugachev sparked a serf uprising, proclaiming himself as tsar
john lock, essay concerning human understanding claimed what
new theory about how human beings learn and form their ideas-all ideas are derived from experience
birth-mind is a lank tablet on which the environment writes the individual’s understanding and beliefs
human development is determined by education and social institutions; contributed to the theory of sensationalism, which is the idea that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions
reading revolution
broader field of books could be read
individual and silent
texts could be questioned
ushered new ways of reading to the written word
enlightenment-core concept
- methods of natural science could and should be used to examine and understand all aspects of life
- scientific method was capable of discovering the laws of human society as well as those of nature
- progress
voltaire’s attitude toward government
reformer, not revolutionary
best one could hope for is a good monarch
“humans are very rarely worthy to govern themselves.”
rousseau belief of women
concept of general will
women-destined by nature to assume passive roles in sexual relations, subordinate in social life; women’s love for displaying themselves in public, attending social gatherings, and pulling the strings of power was unnatural and corrupted politics and society; rejected parisian elite women’s sophisticated way of life-women began staying home for their children
general will-sacred and absolute, reflecting the common interests of all the people, who have displaced the monarch as the holder of sovereign power
-not necessarily will of the majority
-great impact on the political aspirations of the american and french revolutions
goal of the encyclopedia
greater knowledge would result in greater human happiness
knowledge was useful and made possible economic, social, and political progress
extremely influential
madame du chatelet-view of women contributions
women’s limited role in science was due to unequal education
salons
regular social gathering held by talented and rich parisians in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy
voltaire-deist, belief in God
believed in God and was a deist
envisioned God as akin to a clockmaker who set the universe in motion and then ceased o intervene in human affairs
hated religious intolerance-believed it led to fanaticism
republic of letters
a truly cosmopolitan set of networks stretching from western europe to its colonies in the americas, to russia and eastern europe, and along the routes of trade and empire to africa and asia
monestquieu-the persian letter
an extremely influential social satire published in 1721 and considered the first major work of the french enlightenment-montesquieu used letters written by 2 persian men about “strange english customs” to criticize cruelty and superstition, using wit as a weapon
what is the idea of public squares
an idealized intellectual space that emerged in europe during the enlightenment, where the public came together to discuss important issues relating to society, economics, and politics
frederick the great, enlightened policies
subjects could believe as they wished in religious and philosophical matters
promoted advancement of knowledge, improving country’s schools, allowed scholars to publish findings, tried to improve subject lives more directly
how did catherine the geat of russia come to power
married to peter 3, heir to the russian throne
she formed a conspiracy against him-murdered him and became empress of russia
jewish community and the haskalah enlightenment
the jewish enlightenment of the second half of the 18th century, led by the prussian philosopher moses mendelssohn
accompanied a period of controversial social change within jewish communities-rabbi controls loosened and heightened interaction with christians took place
maria theresa-improvement of peasants
government sought to improve the lot of the agricultural population , cautiously reducing the power of lords over their hereditary serfs and their partially free peasant tenants
revamped tax system-taxed land of nobles, too
joseph 2’s peasant labor changes
aolished serfdom in 1781 and in 1789 he decreed that peasants could pay landlords in cash rather than through labor on their land
galileo heresy, why
published a book with his views that was widely read
it openly lampooned the traditional views of aritotle and ptolemy and defended those of copernicus
papal inquisition put him on trial for heresy and imprisoned him and tortured him
who co-edited the encyclopedia
denis diderot and jean le rond d’alembert
cesare beccaria-the penal system
reform of the penal system that decried the use of torture, arbitrary imprisonment, and capital punishment, and advocated the prevention of crime over the reliance on punishment
spain and scientific expeditions
spain took an early lead in scientific expeditions
king philip 2’s physician spent 7 years in new spain recording thousands of plant species and interviewing local healers about their medicinal properties
powers that partitioned poland
austria, prussia, and russia
government response to new science
encouraged and endorsed research to learn about and profit from imperial holdings
enlightenment thinkers vs. middle age and renaissance
middle age/renaissance-abstract concepts of sin and salvation; inspiration from antiquity
enlightenment-past antiquity; intellectual progress; scientific achievements; addressing human problems through science
natural philosophy focused on what
fundamental questions about the nature of the universe
