Ch 17 Test Flashcards
What characterizes the condition of peasants in western europe in the 18th century
They were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on to their children
In the 18th century, advocates for agricultural innovation argued that
Landholdings and common lands needed to be consolidated and enclosed in order to farm more efficiently
What characterizes the transformation of the english and scottish countryside in the enclosure era
The elimination of common rights and access to land turned small peasant farmers into landless wage earners
What describes the enclosure movement of the 18th century
The land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more effectively
The english navigation acts mandated that all english imports and exports be transported on english ships, and they also
Gave british merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with british colonies
What was jethro tull’s contribution to english agriculture in the 18th century
He critiqued accepted farming methods and developed better methods through empirical research
In the 18th century, european public health measures
Improved water supply and sewage systems
Population growth in europe in the 18th century occurred
In all regions
How did the problem of food shortages change in the 18th century
Increased road and canal building permitted food to be more easily transported to regions with local crop failure and famine
Holland’s leadership in farming methodology can be attributed to
The necessity to provide for a densely populated country
What was a competitive advantage of the rural putting-out system
The rural poor worked for low wages
Within the family, the operation of the loom
Was reserved for the male he’s of household
The spinning of thread for the loom
Required the work of several spinners for each loom, which led merchants to employ the wives and daughters of agricultural workers at terribly low wages
Merchant capitalists complained bitterly about
Their inability to supervise and direct the work of rural laborers
The industrious revolution was a result of
Poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to buy consumer goods
In 17th and 18th century europe, guild masters
Guarded their guild privileges jealously
According to recent scholarship, during the 18th century the guild system
Remained flexible as masters adopted new technologies and circumvented impractical rules
What describes the role of women in guilds in the 18th century
Masters began to hire more female workers, often in defiance of guild rules
At the center of adam smith’s arguments in the wealth of nations was the belief that
The pursuit of self-interest in competitive markets would improve the Living conditions of citizens
Between 1650 and 1790, a crucial component of the global economy was established when european nations developed
The atlantic economy
From 1701 to 1763, what was at stake in the wars between great britain and france
The position as europe’s leading maritime power, with the ability to claim profits from europe’s overseas expansion
What was the result of the war of austrian succession
An inconclusive standoff that set the stage for further warfare
The british won the american component of the 7 years’ war owing to
The size and strength of the british naval power
In the 18th century, the biggest increase in british foreign trade was with
The british colonial empire
What characterizes 18th century colonial trade in europe
Britain’s mercantilist system achieved remarkable success as trade with its colonies few substantially
What characterizes the regions to which slaves were carried from africa to the americas
About 90% of slaves were transported to brazil or the caribbean, with only 3% brought to north america
Why did european slave traders in Africa adopt the “shore method” of trading in the 18th century
It permitted europeans to move easily along the coast, obtaining slaves at various slave markets and then departing quickly for the americas
In africa, the slave trade primarily resulted in
More wars and likely fewer people
By the 18th century, the elite of spanish colonial society
Came to believe that their circumstances gave them different interests and characteristics from those in spain
Christianity in colonial societies in the americas
Took on distinctive characteristics through a complex process of cultural exchange that made Christianity more comprehensible to indigenous peoples
What was the status of Jews in european colonies in the 18th century
They faced political and economic forms of discrimination but were considered to be white europeans and thus could not be enslaved
Why did the dutch fail to maintain their dominance in Asia
The dutch east india company failed to diversify its trade to meet changing consumption patterns in europe
Who provided the labor force for britain’s initial colonization of australia
Convicted prisoners
The proletarianization of peasants in the 18th century forced them to
Become landless rural wage earners
Arthur young, an 18th century agricultural experimentalist, advocated
Large-scale enclosure as a necessary means to achieve progress
The treaty that ended the 7 years’ war in europe and the colonies in 1763 and ratified british victory on all colonial fronts was the
Treaty of paris
In the 18th century, the west’s largest and richest city was
London
Wealthy spanish landowners kept indigenous workers on their estates through a system of
Debt peonage in which landowners advanced food, shelter, and some money, in this way keeping the workers in perpetual debt
People of spanish ancestry born in the americas were referred to as
Creoles
Britain’s great rival for influence in india in the 18th century was
France
Between 1700 and 1835, europe’s population
Doubled
