Ch 17 Test Flashcards

1
Q

What characterizes the condition of peasants in western europe in the 18th century

A

They were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on to their children

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2
Q

In the 18th century, advocates for agricultural innovation argued that

A

Landholdings and common lands needed to be consolidated and enclosed in order to farm more efficiently

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3
Q

What characterizes the transformation of the english and scottish countryside in the enclosure era

A

The elimination of common rights and access to land turned small peasant farmers into landless wage earners

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4
Q

What describes the enclosure movement of the 18th century

A

The land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more effectively

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5
Q

The english navigation acts mandated that all english imports and exports be transported on english ships, and they also

A

Gave british merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with british colonies

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6
Q

What was jethro tull’s contribution to english agriculture in the 18th century

A

He critiqued accepted farming methods and developed better methods through empirical research

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7
Q

In the 18th century, european public health measures

A

Improved water supply and sewage systems

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8
Q

Population growth in europe in the 18th century occurred

A

In all regions

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9
Q

How did the problem of food shortages change in the 18th century

A

Increased road and canal building permitted food to be more easily transported to regions with local crop failure and famine

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10
Q

Holland’s leadership in farming methodology can be attributed to

A

The necessity to provide for a densely populated country

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11
Q

What was a competitive advantage of the rural putting-out system

A

The rural poor worked for low wages

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12
Q

Within the family, the operation of the loom

A

Was reserved for the male he’s of household

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13
Q

The spinning of thread for the loom

A

Required the work of several spinners for each loom, which led merchants to employ the wives and daughters of agricultural workers at terribly low wages

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14
Q

Merchant capitalists complained bitterly about

A

Their inability to supervise and direct the work of rural laborers

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15
Q

The industrious revolution was a result of

A

Poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to buy consumer goods

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16
Q

In 17th and 18th century europe, guild masters

A

Guarded their guild privileges jealously

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17
Q

According to recent scholarship, during the 18th century the guild system

A

Remained flexible as masters adopted new technologies and circumvented impractical rules

18
Q

What describes the role of women in guilds in the 18th century

A

Masters began to hire more female workers, often in defiance of guild rules

19
Q

At the center of adam smith’s arguments in the wealth of nations was the belief that

A

The pursuit of self-interest in competitive markets would improve the Living conditions of citizens

20
Q

Between 1650 and 1790, a crucial component of the global economy was established when european nations developed

A

The atlantic economy

21
Q

From 1701 to 1763, what was at stake in the wars between great britain and france

A

The position as europe’s leading maritime power, with the ability to claim profits from europe’s overseas expansion

22
Q

What was the result of the war of austrian succession

A

An inconclusive standoff that set the stage for further warfare

23
Q

The british won the american component of the 7 years’ war owing to

A

The size and strength of the british naval power

24
Q

In the 18th century, the biggest increase in british foreign trade was with

A

The british colonial empire

25
What characterizes 18th century colonial trade in europe
Britain's mercantilist system achieved remarkable success as trade with its colonies few substantially
26
What characterizes the regions to which slaves were carried from africa to the americas
About 90% of slaves were transported to brazil or the caribbean, with only 3% brought to north america
27
Why did european slave traders in Africa adopt the "shore method" of trading in the 18th century
It permitted europeans to move easily along the coast, obtaining slaves at various slave markets and then departing quickly for the americas
28
In africa, the slave trade primarily resulted in
More wars and likely fewer people
29
By the 18th century, the elite of spanish colonial society
Came to believe that their circumstances gave them different interests and characteristics from those in spain
30
Christianity in colonial societies in the americas
Took on distinctive characteristics through a complex process of cultural exchange that made Christianity more comprehensible to indigenous peoples
31
What was the status of Jews in european colonies in the 18th century
They faced political and economic forms of discrimination but were considered to be white europeans and thus could not be enslaved
32
Why did the dutch fail to maintain their dominance in Asia
The dutch east india company failed to diversify its trade to meet changing consumption patterns in europe
33
Who provided the labor force for britain's initial colonization of australia
Convicted prisoners
34
The proletarianization of peasants in the 18th century forced them to
Become landless rural wage earners
35
Arthur young, an 18th century agricultural experimentalist, advocated
Large-scale enclosure as a necessary means to achieve progress
36
The treaty that ended the 7 years' war in europe and the colonies in 1763 and ratified british victory on all colonial fronts was the
Treaty of paris
37
In the 18th century, the west's largest and richest city was
London
38
Wealthy spanish landowners kept indigenous workers on their estates through a system of
Debt peonage in which landowners advanced food, shelter, and some money, in this way keeping the workers in perpetual debt
39
People of spanish ancestry born in the americas were referred to as
Creoles
40
Britain's great rival for influence in india in the 18th century was
France
41
Between 1700 and 1835, europe's population
Doubled