Ch 17 Test

Question 1

What characterizes the condition of peasants in western europe in the 18th century

Answer 1

They were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on to their children

Question 2

In the 18th century, advocates for agricultural innovation argued that

Answer 2

Landholdings and common lands needed to be consolidated and enclosed in order to farm more efficiently

Question 3

What characterizes the transformation of the english and scottish countryside in the enclosure era

Answer 3

The elimination of common rights and access to land turned small peasant farmers into landless wage earners

Question 4

What describes the enclosure movement of the 18th century

Answer 4

The land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more effectively

Question 5

The english navigation acts mandated that all english imports and exports be transported on english ships, and they also

Answer 5

Gave british merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with british colonies

Question 6

What was jethro tull’s contribution to english agriculture in the 18th century

Answer 6

He critiqued accepted farming methods and developed better methods through empirical research

Question 7

In the 18th century, european public health measures

Answer 7

Improved water supply and sewage systems

Question 8

Population growth in europe in the 18th century occurred

Answer 8

In all regions

Question 9

How did the problem of food shortages change in the 18th century

Answer 9

Increased road and canal building permitted food to be more easily transported to regions with local crop failure and famine

Question 10

Holland’s leadership in farming methodology can be attributed to

Answer 10

The necessity to provide for a densely populated country

Question 11

What was a competitive advantage of the rural putting-out system

Answer 11

The rural poor worked for low wages

Question 12

Within the family, the operation of the loom

Answer 12

Was reserved for the male he’s of household

Question 13

The spinning of thread for the loom

Answer 13

Required the work of several spinners for each loom, which led merchants to employ the wives and daughters of agricultural workers at terribly low wages

Question 14

Merchant capitalists complained bitterly about

Answer 14

Their inability to supervise and direct the work of rural laborers

Question 15

The industrious revolution was a result of

Answer 15

Poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to buy consumer goods

Question 16

In 17th and 18th century europe, guild masters

Answer 16

Guarded their guild privileges jealously

Question 17

According to recent scholarship, during the 18th century the guild system

Answer 17

Remained flexible as masters adopted new technologies and circumvented impractical rules

Question 18

What describes the role of women in guilds in the 18th century

Answer 18

Masters began to hire more female workers, often in defiance of guild rules

Question 19

At the center of adam smith’s arguments in the wealth of nations was the belief that

Answer 19

The pursuit of self-interest in competitive markets would improve the Living conditions of citizens

Question 20

Between 1650 and 1790, a crucial component of the global economy was established when european nations developed

Answer 20

The atlantic economy

Question 21

From 1701 to 1763, what was at stake in the wars between great britain and france

Answer 21

The position as europe’s leading maritime power, with the ability to claim profits from europe’s overseas expansion

Question 22

What was the result of the war of austrian succession

Answer 22

An inconclusive standoff that set the stage for further warfare

Question 23

The british won the american component of the 7 years’ war owing to

Answer 23

The size and strength of the british naval power

Question 24

In the 18th century, the biggest increase in british foreign trade was with

Answer 24

The british colonial empire

Question 25

What characterizes 18th century colonial trade in europe

Answer 25

Britain’s mercantilist system achieved remarkable success as trade with its colonies few substantially

Question 26

What characterizes the regions to which slaves were carried from africa to the americas

Answer 26

About 90% of slaves were transported to brazil or the caribbean, with only 3% brought to north america

Question 27

Why did european slave traders in Africa adopt the “shore method” of trading in the 18th century

Answer 27

It permitted europeans to move easily along the coast, obtaining slaves at various slave markets and then departing quickly for the americas

Question 28

In africa, the slave trade primarily resulted in

Answer 28

More wars and likely fewer people

Question 29

By the 18th century, the elite of spanish colonial society

Answer 29

Came to believe that their circumstances gave them different interests and characteristics from those in spain

Question 30

Christianity in colonial societies in the americas

Answer 30

Took on distinctive characteristics through a complex process of cultural exchange that made Christianity more comprehensible to indigenous peoples

Question 31

What was the status of Jews in european colonies in the 18th century

Answer 31

They faced political and economic forms of discrimination but were considered to be white europeans and thus could not be enslaved

Question 32

Why did the dutch fail to maintain their dominance in Asia

Answer 32

The dutch east india company failed to diversify its trade to meet changing consumption patterns in europe

Question 33

Who provided the labor force for britain’s initial colonization of australia

Answer 33

Convicted prisoners

Question 34

The proletarianization of peasants in the 18th century forced them to

Answer 34

Become landless rural wage earners

Question 35

Arthur young, an 18th century agricultural experimentalist, advocated

Answer 35

Large-scale enclosure as a necessary means to achieve progress

Question 36

The treaty that ended the 7 years’ war in europe and the colonies in 1763 and ratified british victory on all colonial fronts was the

Answer 36

Treaty of paris

Question 37

In the 18th century, the west’s largest and richest city was

Answer 37

London

Question 38

Wealthy spanish landowners kept indigenous workers on their estates through a system of

Answer 38

Debt peonage in which landowners advanced food, shelter, and some money, in this way keeping the workers in perpetual debt

Question 39

People of spanish ancestry born in the americas were referred to as

Answer 39

Creoles

Question 40

Britain’s great rival for influence in india in the 18th century was

Answer 40

France

Question 41

Between 1700 and 1835, europe’s population

Answer 41

Doubled