ch 13 study guide Flashcards
opposition to clergy
anticlericalism
salvation comes by faith alone, irrespective of good works or the sacraments, printing press spread ideas (in pamplets) in Latin and German-gained followers
church is a spiritual priesthood of all believers, an invisible fellowship not fixed in any place or person
Luther
summoned in 1529 to unite protestants, failed to resolve differences about belief in eucharist, though they reached agreement on almost everything else
colloquy of marburg
led to s civil war that dragged on for 15 yrs, killing thousands of people
st. bartholomew’s day massacre
charles v held 1st diet(diet of worms)-summoned luther in 1521, luther refused to give in to demands that he take back his ideas-created broader audience for reform ideas, individuals follow luther and began preaching for reform
luther and charles v-dieat of worms
pulpits and printing press spread luther’s ideas al over germany and by mid16 century, people of all social classes became protestant
luther and roman exploration of germany
choice of religion-treaty of augsburg in 1555
holy roman empire
dissolution of marriage-not a sacrament
protestant
officially recognized Lutheranism, poitical authority can choose whether territory will be catholic or lutheran
peace of augsburg
celibacy-didn’t agree with celibacy
it went against human nature
emphasized importance of marriage
luther
marriage became virtually only occupation for upper class protestant women
closing of monasteries/convents
Mary of scots (catholic) was imprisoned because elizabeth worried that mary would try to overthrow her (mary was next in line for the throne)
mary was part of a plot to assassinate elizabeth (protestant) in 1587
mary was executed and pope urged philip ii to retaliate
elizabeth i
did not ascribe free will to human beings because that would detract fro the sovereignty of God
john calvin
worked with political authorities
people have conflicting thoughts about state and church being united
luther wanted to prevent rebellion (first sided with peasants, but did not defend them)
wanted independence from roman church
didnt mean opposition to legally established local powers
scripture had nothing to do with material gain
luther and the peasant war
occupations were a God-given calling and should be carried out with diligence and dedication, encouraged an aggressive and vigorous activism in work and religious life
hard work can’t change fate
calvinists
oppose lutheran reform
strong anti-german feeling
polish
predestination, men and women can’t actively work to achieve salvation, God chooses select few
calvinist
lutheranism was spread by students who studied at wittenberg, sympathy develops
also worried about “german heresy”
hungary
dissolution, henry viii wanted their wealth
strengthened upper class
english monasteries
stopped heresy in papal states, didn’t stop lutheran/calvinist from spreading, didn’t reconcile with them either
influence of inquisition
henry viii makes himself supreme head of church
dissolution of monasteries increases wealth of royal treasury
upper class is tied to protestant church
catholicism is driven underground
reformation in england
held to reform catholic church and reconcile with Lutherans/calvinists
led solid basis for spiritual renewal of catholic church: equal validity to scripture an tradition
reaffirmed 7 sacraments and catholic teaching on transubstantiation
bishops reside over diocese, no plurality, simony, or indulgences
bishops given greater authority
more seminaries opened-1 for each diocese
council of trent
1536, a massive rebellion that proved the largest in english history
pilgrimage of grace
1598-granted liberty of conscience and liberty of public worship to Huguenots in 150 fortified towns
helped prepare the way for french absolutism in the 17 century b restoring internal peace in france
edict of nantes
named herself supreme in matters of religion
required people to go to church and sometimes had protestnat masses
didn’t interfere with people’s individual beliefs
clergy were allowed to marry but the church was still hierarchial
began religious stability in england
elizabeth 1
luther: secular leaders should help with reforms
calvinists: board that punished those who didn’t follow doctrine
luther and calvinist view of secular rulers
suspect knows accusers and the charges, accuser could be liable for trial if their charges weren’t proven
legal authorities brought the case-made people more willing to accuse others because it wasn’t personal
inquisitional/accusationatorial legal procedure
did not support german princes
french
making deals with the devil
heresy-tried by protestants and catholics
most were women because women were viewed as weaker
witch trials-sometimes led to mass panic
witchcraft
raise the moral and intellectual level of the clergy and people
some were reformed to follow more rigorous standards
catholic religious orders
called huguenots
french protestants
founded by angela merici
focused on education of women
order of nuns
ursuline order
how did the council of trent reform the priesthood
papal court became the center of reform, education for clergy encouraged
stricter control of clerical life
how did martin luther’s position as a university professor affect the spread of the reformation
students from hungary spread his teachings of lutheranism
what was an indulgence, and how did luther’s theology of salvation reject indulgence
indulgence-a document issued by the catholic church lessening penance or time in purgatory
widely believe to bring forgiveness of all sins
who were the politiques and what role did they play in france
believed that only the restoration of strong monarchy could reverse the trend toward collapse
also favored recognizing huguenots as an officially organized group
during hapsburg-valois war (1551-1559) when henry ii succeeded francis i to the throne declared war on charles v, trying to get french the domination of europe
treaty of cateau-cambresis
