Ch 16 Test

Question 1

The discipline of natural philosophy focused on

Answer 1

Fundamental questions about the nature, purpose, and function of the universe

Question 2

Why did leopold II cancel his brother joseph’s radical edicts in the early 1790s

Answer 2

Leopold was attempting to restore order in austria

Question 3

What characterizes the response of various religious perspectives to Nicklaus copernicus’s hypothesis

Answer 3

Protestants rejected copernicus’s idea that te earth moved, while the Catholic Church largely overlooked his theory until declaring the hypothesis false in the 17th century

Question 4

Johannes kepler believed that the elliptical orbit of planets

Answer 4

Produced a musical harmony of heavenly bodies

Question 5

What was the primary goal of galileo galilei’s experimental method

Answer 5

To discover what actually occurred in nature rather than to speculate on what should occur

Question 6

How did isaac newton’s law of universal gravitation bring the scientific revolution to maturity

Answer 6

It synthesized math with physics and astronomy to demonstrate that the entire universe was unified into one coherent system

Question 7

Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as

Answer 7

Rococo

Question 8

Copernicus’s theory of the universe

Answer 8

Postulated a sun-centered view of the universe

Question 9

The most influential aspect of rene Descartes’s theories of nature was that

Answer 9

The universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion

Question 10

Francis bacon formalized the research methods of tycho brahe and galileo into a theory of reasoning known as

Answer 10

Empiricism

Question 11

How did governments respond to the new science

Answer 11

They established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research

Question 12

Although perhaps best known as the longtime companion of Voltaire, gabriel-emilie le tonnelier de breteuil, marquise du chatelet, published

Answer 12

The first translation of newton’s principia into french

Question 13

Who wrote the influential historical and critical dictionary (1697)

Answer 13

Pierre bayle

Question 14

What helped to justify the growth of slavery in the 18th century

Answer 14

The emergence of scientific racism

Question 15

Catherine the great’s goal of domestic reform never came to fruition, owing to

Answer 15

The rebellion led by emelian pugachev in 1773

Question 16

In his essay concerning human understanding, john locke claimed that

Answer 16

Human development is determined by education and society

Question 17

The concept of the reading revolution refers to the

Answer 17

Shift from reading religious texts aloud as a family to reading diverse texts individually

Question 18

What was the core concept of the enlightenment

Answer 18

The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life

Question 19

In general, what was voltaire’s attitude toward government

Answer 19

He believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for in government

Question 20

Jean-jacques Rousseau believed that

Answer 20

Women were best suited to a passive role in social relations

Question 21

According to its editor, the fundamental goal of the encyclopedia was to

Answer 21

“Change the general way of thinking”

Question 22

Madame du chatelet, voltaire’s longtime companion

Answer 22

Believed that women’s limited contribution to science was the result of unequal education

Question 23

Rousseau’s concept of the general will asserts that

Answer 23

The general will is not necessarily the will of the majority

Question 24

How did enlightenment thinkers differ from those of the middle ages and renaissance

Answer 24

Enlightenment thinkers believed that their era had surpassed antiquity, which demonstrated the possibility of human progress

Question 25

A striking feature of the salons was that

Answer 25

Philosophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled

Question 26

In historical an critical dictionary, pierre bayle demonstrated that

Answer 26

All knowledge can be questioned and doubted

Question 27

Voltaire was a deist who viewed God as akin to a

Answer 27

Clockmaker who set the universe in motion and then ceased to intervene in human affairs

Question 28

What was the republic of letters

Answer 28

A cosmopolitan network involving western europe and its colonies as well as eastern europe and russia

Question 29

Which book by the baron de montesquieu is considered the first major work in the french enlightenment

Answer 29

The persian letter

Question 30

The idea of the public sphere that emerged during the enlightenment refers to

Answer 30

An idealized space where individuals gathered to discuss social and political issues

Question 31

The enlightened policies of frederick the great included

Answer 31

Simplifying prussia’s laws

Question 32

Catherine the great of russia came to power in 1762 through

Answer 32

A military coup

Question 33

How did the idea of “race” transform europeans’ idea of their superiority over other peoples

Answer 33

European superiority was increasingly defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior

Question 34

What change within the jewish community accompanied the haskalah enlightenment movement

Answer 34

Interactions between jews and Christians increased, and rabbinic controls diminished

Question 35

To improve the rural economy and the lives of peasants, empress maria theresa of austria

Answer 35

Reduced nobles’ power over their serfs

Question 36

Joseph II’s conversion of peasant labor obligations to cash payments

Answer 36

Was opposed by both nobles and peasants

Question 37

Galileo was placed on trial for heresy owing to publication of

Answer 37

Dialogue on the two chief systems of the world

Question 38

Who was denis Diderot’s co-editor of the encyclopedia

Answer 38

Jean le rond d’alembert

Question 39

Who was the author of on crimes and punishments, a passionate plea for the reform of the penal system

Answer 39

Cesare becaria

Question 40

What country spearheaded the trend in scientific expeditions

Answer 40

Spain

Question 41

What powers participated in the partitioning of poland in the late 18th century

Answer 41

Prussia, russia, and austria

Question 42

“Weep, wretched natives of tahiti, weep. But let it be for te coming and not the leaving of these ambitious, wicked men. one day you will know them better. One day they will one back, bear in in one hand the piece of wood you see in that man’s belt, and, in the other, the sword hanging by the side of that one, to enslave you, slaughter you, or make you captive to their follies and vices. One day you wil be subject to them, as corrupt, vile and miserable as they are.” This selection from denis diderot’s “supplement to bougainville’s voyage” reflects his concern that

Answer 42

All the people encountered by european explorers should recognize that europeans hand nothing to offer them

Question 43

In “the sidereel messenger”, galileo wrote about constructing a telescope and using it to view the surface of the moon. His observations led him to

Answer 43

Assert that the moon was uneven, similar to the surface of the earth

Question 44

The presentation by the reverend samuel pullein to the royal society of england regarding “an account of a particular species of cocoon, or silk-pod, from america” was

Answer 44

A careful investigation of the silk pod and heather it might serve as a source of silk

Question 45

“Guard yourself, my son, whichever side you take in this dispute among the philosophers, against the inevitable obstinacy to which the spirit of partisanship carries one. . . The search for truth is the only thing in which the love of your country must not prevail, and it is surely very unfortunate that the opinions of newton and descartes have become a sort of national affair.” This quotation from “foundation of physics” refers to

Answer 45

The controversy concerning whether descartes’ or newton’s systems should be considered the superior method of scientific investigation