Ch 16 Test Flashcards
The discipline of natural philosophy focused on
Fundamental questions about the nature, purpose, and function of the universe
Why did leopold II cancel his brother joseph’s radical edicts in the early 1790s
Leopold was attempting to restore order in austria
What characterizes the response of various religious perspectives to Nicklaus copernicus’s hypothesis
Protestants rejected copernicus’s idea that te earth moved, while the Catholic Church largely overlooked his theory until declaring the hypothesis false in the 17th century
Johannes kepler believed that the elliptical orbit of planets
Produced a musical harmony of heavenly bodies
What was the primary goal of galileo galilei’s experimental method
To discover what actually occurred in nature rather than to speculate on what should occur
How did isaac newton’s law of universal gravitation bring the scientific revolution to maturity
It synthesized math with physics and astronomy to demonstrate that the entire universe was unified into one coherent system
Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as
Rococo
Copernicus’s theory of the universe
Postulated a sun-centered view of the universe
The most influential aspect of rene Descartes’s theories of nature was that
The universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion
Francis bacon formalized the research methods of tycho brahe and galileo into a theory of reasoning known as
Empiricism
How did governments respond to the new science
They established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research
Although perhaps best known as the longtime companion of Voltaire, gabriel-emilie le tonnelier de breteuil, marquise du chatelet, published
The first translation of newton’s principia into french
Who wrote the influential historical and critical dictionary (1697)
Pierre bayle
What helped to justify the growth of slavery in the 18th century
The emergence of scientific racism
Catherine the great’s goal of domestic reform never came to fruition, owing to
The rebellion led by emelian pugachev in 1773
In his essay concerning human understanding, john locke claimed that
Human development is determined by education and society
The concept of the reading revolution refers to the
Shift from reading religious texts aloud as a family to reading diverse texts individually
What was the core concept of the enlightenment
The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life
In general, what was voltaire’s attitude toward government
He believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for in government
Jean-jacques Rousseau believed that
Women were best suited to a passive role in social relations
According to its editor, the fundamental goal of the encyclopedia was to
“Change the general way of thinking”
Madame du chatelet, voltaire’s longtime companion
Believed that women’s limited contribution to science was the result of unequal education
Rousseau’s concept of the general will asserts that
The general will is not necessarily the will of the majority
How did enlightenment thinkers differ from those of the middle ages and renaissance
Enlightenment thinkers believed that their era had surpassed antiquity, which demonstrated the possibility of human progress
A striking feature of the salons was that
Philosophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled
In historical an critical dictionary, pierre bayle demonstrated that
All knowledge can be questioned and doubted
Voltaire was a deist who viewed God as akin to a
Clockmaker who set the universe in motion and then ceased to intervene in human affairs
What was the republic of letters
A cosmopolitan network involving western europe and its colonies as well as eastern europe and russia
Which book by the baron de montesquieu is considered the first major work in the french enlightenment
The persian letter
The idea of the public sphere that emerged during the enlightenment refers to
An idealized space where individuals gathered to discuss social and political issues
The enlightened policies of frederick the great included
Simplifying prussia’s laws
Catherine the great of russia came to power in 1762 through
A military coup
How did the idea of “race” transform europeans’ idea of their superiority over other peoples
European superiority was increasingly defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior
What change within the jewish community accompanied the haskalah enlightenment movement
Interactions between jews and Christians increased, and rabbinic controls diminished
To improve the rural economy and the lives of peasants, empress maria theresa of austria
Reduced nobles’ power over their serfs
Joseph II’s conversion of peasant labor obligations to cash payments
Was opposed by both nobles and peasants
Galileo was placed on trial for heresy owing to publication of
Dialogue on the two chief systems of the world
Who was denis Diderot’s co-editor of the encyclopedia
Jean le rond d’alembert
Who was the author of on crimes and punishments, a passionate plea for the reform of the penal system
Cesare becaria
What country spearheaded the trend in scientific expeditions
Spain
What powers participated in the partitioning of poland in the late 18th century
Prussia, russia, and austria
“Weep, wretched natives of tahiti, weep. But let it be for te coming and not the leaving of these ambitious, wicked men. one day you will know them better. One day they will one back, bear in in one hand the piece of wood you see in that man’s belt, and, in the other, the sword hanging by the side of that one, to enslave you, slaughter you, or make you captive to their follies and vices. One day you wil be subject to them, as corrupt, vile and miserable as they are.” This selection from denis diderot’s “supplement to bougainville’s voyage” reflects his concern that
All the people encountered by european explorers should recognize that europeans hand nothing to offer them
In “the sidereel messenger”, galileo wrote about constructing a telescope and using it to view the surface of the moon. His observations led him to
Assert that the moon was uneven, similar to the surface of the earth
The presentation by the reverend samuel pullein to the royal society of england regarding “an account of a particular species of cocoon, or silk-pod, from america” was
A careful investigation of the silk pod and heather it might serve as a source of silk
“Guard yourself, my son, whichever side you take in this dispute among the philosophers, against the inevitable obstinacy to which the spirit of partisanship carries one. . . The search for truth is the only thing in which the love of your country must not prevail, and it is surely very unfortunate that the opinions of newton and descartes have become a sort of national affair.” This quotation from “foundation of physics” refers to
The controversy concerning whether descartes’ or newton’s systems should be considered the superior method of scientific investigation
