Ch 18 Test

Question 1

During a young man’s period of apprenticeship, he would

Answer 1

Earn little money and work hard

Question 2

A young woman entering domestic service could expect

Answer 2

To work hard on an endless array of jobs

Question 3

Until at least 1750, the practice of late marriage did not lead to a large number of illegitimate children because

Answer 3

Of community pressure on a couple to marry when the woman became pregnant

Question 4

What was the purpose of the raucous public rituals in which young men in a village would publicly humiliate a couple that had experienced adultery or abuse

Answer 4

To regulate personal behavior and maintain community standards

Question 5

What place did prostitutes generally hold among the common people in towns

Answer 5

They were accepted members of the community of the laboring poor

Question 6

How were same-sex relations among women regarded in comparison to same-sex relations among men

Answer 6

While considered unnatural, same-sex relations among women attracted less anxiety and condemnation than those among men

Question 7

What was the underlying reason for the illegitimacy explosion of 1750-1850

Answer 7

Social and economic transformations made it harder for families and communities to supervise behavior

Question 8

Wet-nursing practices included

Answer 8

Rural wet-nursing conducted within the framework of a putting-out system

Question 9

Some scholars have argued that the neglectful attitudes toward children in preindustrial europe were conditioned mostly by

Answer 9

High infant mortality rates

Question 10

In the 17th and 18th century, founding homes

Answer 10

Had extremely high death rates

Question 11

What describes the treatment of children in the 17th and early 18th century

Answer 11

The disciplining of children was often severe in order to conquer the child’s will

Question 12

What did the new discourse about children that emerged in the 1760s emphasize

Answer 12

A call for greater tenderness toward children

Question 13

What was a danger that threatened young girls who were living away from home in domestic service

Answer 13

Risk of sexual attack by males in the households they served

Question 14

What characterizes education for children outside the home in the early modern era

Answer 14

Schools for the children of common people taught basic literacy, religion, and some arithmetic for boys and needlework for girls

Question 15

Why did protestant countries take the lead in expanding education to all children

Answer 15

They were inspired by the protestant idea that every believer should be able to read the bible

Question 16

In the 18th century, the diet of poorer classes consisted largely of bread and

Answer 16

Vegetables

Question 17

As literacy expanded among the common people, what was a staple of popular literature other than the bible

Answer 17

The chapbook containing bible stories, prayers, and stories about the lives of the saints

Question 18

How did the enlightenment affect attitudes toward popular culture

Answer 18

As the educated public adopted the enlightenment’s critical worldview, they increasingly saw popular culture as superstitious and vulgar

Question 19

In addition to supervising labor and birth, what was a typical task of the midwife

Answer 19

Treating female medical difficulties

Question 20

How did the diet of townspeople compare to that of the peasantry

Answer 20

The townspeople ate more varied diets, since markets provided choices of meats, vegetables, and fruits

Question 21

Why did sugar and tea become commonly consumed products by all social classes in the 18th century

Answer 21

There was a steady drop in prices owing to the expanded use of colonial slave labor

Question 22

What was the result of the consumer revolution of the 18th century

Answer 22

A new type of society in which people derived their self-identity as much from their consuming practices as from their work lives

Question 23

The growth in 18th century consumerism in clothing was encouraged by what two factors

Answer 23

The growth of fashion merchants who dictated changing styles and the declining production costs based on female labor

Question 24

What was the greatest achievement of 18th century medical science

Answer 24

Conquest of smallpox

Question 25

How did the new fashion practices demonstrate changes in gender distinctions

Answer 25

Men increasingly moved away from ostentatious fashions and toward plain dark suits, while women acquired larger and more expensive wardrobes

Question 26

What caused the pattern of late marriage in early modern europe

Answer 26

It was a necessary precondition of economic independence

Question 27

Edward jenner received financial prizes from the british government for

Answer 27

Discovering that cowpox could be used to vaccinate against smallpox

Question 28

In the 18th century, what was the focal point of community cohesion

Answer 28

The parish church

Question 29

The dissolution of the Jesuit order in 1773 is a striking indication of the

Answer 29

Power of the state over the church

Question 30

In the 18th century, what did the strength of popular religion in catholic countries reflect

Answer 30

Its importance in community life

Question 31

The religious revival movement known as pietism

Answer 31

Called for a warm, emotional religion that everyone could experience

Question 32

In the 18th century, what problems did the church of england face

Answer 32

Officials of both church and state used it to provide high-paying jobs to favorites and ignored the spiritual needs of the people

Question 33

Why was john wesley’s methodism particularly appealing

Answer 33

He refuted the doctrine of predestination, insisting that anyone who earnestly sought salvation could gain it

Question 34

How did the evangelicals within the church of england respond to the rise of methodism

Answer 34

They copied Methodism’ practices in oder to appeal to more of the common people

Question 35

Why did the persecution of witches slowly come to an end by the late 18th century

Answer 35

Elites increasingly dismissed fears of witchcraft and refused to prosecute suspected witches

Question 36

Why did surgeons in the 18th century face incredible difficulties

Answer 36

Surgery was performed in utterly unsanitary conditions, which meant the simplest would could become infected and lead to death

Question 37

18th century blood sports such as bullbaiting and cockfighting were

Answer 37

Popular with the european masses

Question 38

Europeans believed grain and bread should be available at

Answer 38

A just price-one that was fair to both consumers and producers

Question 39

Why did pietism, which began in germany in the late 17th century, appeal to people

Answer 39

It emphasized a warm and emotional religion

Question 40

What was the catholic version of pietism

Answer 40

jansenism

Question 41

One of the country’s most influential works on child-reading was emile; or, on education by

Answer 41

Jean-jacques rousseau