Ch 18 Test Flashcards
During a young man’s period of apprenticeship, he would
Earn little money and work hard
A young woman entering domestic service could expect
To work hard on an endless array of jobs
Until at least 1750, the practice of late marriage did not lead to a large number of illegitimate children because
Of community pressure on a couple to marry when the woman became pregnant
What was the purpose of the raucous public rituals in which young men in a village would publicly humiliate a couple that had experienced adultery or abuse
To regulate personal behavior and maintain community standards
What place did prostitutes generally hold among the common people in towns
They were accepted members of the community of the laboring poor
How were same-sex relations among women regarded in comparison to same-sex relations among men
While considered unnatural, same-sex relations among women attracted less anxiety and condemnation than those among men
What was the underlying reason for the illegitimacy explosion of 1750-1850
Social and economic transformations made it harder for families and communities to supervise behavior
Wet-nursing practices included
Rural wet-nursing conducted within the framework of a putting-out system
Some scholars have argued that the neglectful attitudes toward children in preindustrial europe were conditioned mostly by
High infant mortality rates
In the 17th and 18th century, founding homes
Had extremely high death rates
What describes the treatment of children in the 17th and early 18th century
The disciplining of children was often severe in order to conquer the child’s will
What did the new discourse about children that emerged in the 1760s emphasize
A call for greater tenderness toward children
What was a danger that threatened young girls who were living away from home in domestic service
Risk of sexual attack by males in the households they served
What characterizes education for children outside the home in the early modern era
Schools for the children of common people taught basic literacy, religion, and some arithmetic for boys and needlework for girls
Why did protestant countries take the lead in expanding education to all children
They were inspired by the protestant idea that every believer should be able to read the bible
In the 18th century, the diet of poorer classes consisted largely of bread and
Vegetables
As literacy expanded among the common people, what was a staple of popular literature other than the bible
The chapbook containing bible stories, prayers, and stories about the lives of the saints
How did the enlightenment affect attitudes toward popular culture
As the educated public adopted the enlightenment’s critical worldview, they increasingly saw popular culture as superstitious and vulgar
In addition to supervising labor and birth, what was a typical task of the midwife
Treating female medical difficulties
How did the diet of townspeople compare to that of the peasantry
The townspeople ate more varied diets, since markets provided choices of meats, vegetables, and fruits
Why did sugar and tea become commonly consumed products by all social classes in the 18th century
There was a steady drop in prices owing to the expanded use of colonial slave labor
What was the result of the consumer revolution of the 18th century
A new type of society in which people derived their self-identity as much from their consuming practices as from their work lives
The growth in 18th century consumerism in clothing was encouraged by what two factors
The growth of fashion merchants who dictated changing styles and the declining production costs based on female labor
What was the greatest achievement of 18th century medical science
Conquest of smallpox
How did the new fashion practices demonstrate changes in gender distinctions
Men increasingly moved away from ostentatious fashions and toward plain dark suits, while women acquired larger and more expensive wardrobes
What caused the pattern of late marriage in early modern europe
It was a necessary precondition of economic independence
Edward jenner received financial prizes from the british government for
Discovering that cowpox could be used to vaccinate against smallpox
In the 18th century, what was the focal point of community cohesion
The parish church
The dissolution of the Jesuit order in 1773 is a striking indication of the
Power of the state over the church
In the 18th century, what did the strength of popular religion in catholic countries reflect
Its importance in community life
The religious revival movement known as pietism
Called for a warm, emotional religion that everyone could experience
In the 18th century, what problems did the church of england face
Officials of both church and state used it to provide high-paying jobs to favorites and ignored the spiritual needs of the people
Why was john wesley’s methodism particularly appealing
He refuted the doctrine of predestination, insisting that anyone who earnestly sought salvation could gain it
How did the evangelicals within the church of england respond to the rise of methodism
They copied Methodism’ practices in oder to appeal to more of the common people
Why did the persecution of witches slowly come to an end by the late 18th century
Elites increasingly dismissed fears of witchcraft and refused to prosecute suspected witches
Why did surgeons in the 18th century face incredible difficulties
Surgery was performed in utterly unsanitary conditions, which meant the simplest would could become infected and lead to death
18th century blood sports such as bullbaiting and cockfighting were
Popular with the european masses
Europeans believed grain and bread should be available at
A just price-one that was fair to both consumers and producers
Why did pietism, which began in germany in the late 17th century, appeal to people
It emphasized a warm and emotional religion
What was the catholic version of pietism
jansenism
One of the country’s most influential works on child-reading was emile; or, on education by
Jean-jacques rousseau
