Ch 18 Test Flashcards

1
Q

During a young man’s period of apprenticeship, he would

A

Earn little money and work hard

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2
Q

A young woman entering domestic service could expect

A

To work hard on an endless array of jobs

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3
Q

Until at least 1750, the practice of late marriage did not lead to a large number of illegitimate children because

A

Of community pressure on a couple to marry when the woman became pregnant

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4
Q

What was the purpose of the raucous public rituals in which young men in a village would publicly humiliate a couple that had experienced adultery or abuse

A

To regulate personal behavior and maintain community standards

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5
Q

What place did prostitutes generally hold among the common people in towns

A

They were accepted members of the community of the laboring poor

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6
Q

How were same-sex relations among women regarded in comparison to same-sex relations among men

A

While considered unnatural, same-sex relations among women attracted less anxiety and condemnation than those among men

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7
Q

What was the underlying reason for the illegitimacy explosion of 1750-1850

A

Social and economic transformations made it harder for families and communities to supervise behavior

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8
Q

Wet-nursing practices included

A

Rural wet-nursing conducted within the framework of a putting-out system

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9
Q

Some scholars have argued that the neglectful attitudes toward children in preindustrial europe were conditioned mostly by

A

High infant mortality rates

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10
Q

In the 17th and 18th century, founding homes

A

Had extremely high death rates

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11
Q

What describes the treatment of children in the 17th and early 18th century

A

The disciplining of children was often severe in order to conquer the child’s will

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12
Q

What did the new discourse about children that emerged in the 1760s emphasize

A

A call for greater tenderness toward children

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13
Q

What was a danger that threatened young girls who were living away from home in domestic service

A

Risk of sexual attack by males in the households they served

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14
Q

What characterizes education for children outside the home in the early modern era

A

Schools for the children of common people taught basic literacy, religion, and some arithmetic for boys and needlework for girls

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15
Q

Why did protestant countries take the lead in expanding education to all children

A

They were inspired by the protestant idea that every believer should be able to read the bible

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16
Q

In the 18th century, the diet of poorer classes consisted largely of bread and

A

Vegetables

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17
Q

As literacy expanded among the common people, what was a staple of popular literature other than the bible

A

The chapbook containing bible stories, prayers, and stories about the lives of the saints

18
Q

How did the enlightenment affect attitudes toward popular culture

A

As the educated public adopted the enlightenment’s critical worldview, they increasingly saw popular culture as superstitious and vulgar

19
Q

In addition to supervising labor and birth, what was a typical task of the midwife

A

Treating female medical difficulties

20
Q

How did the diet of townspeople compare to that of the peasantry

A

The townspeople ate more varied diets, since markets provided choices of meats, vegetables, and fruits

21
Q

Why did sugar and tea become commonly consumed products by all social classes in the 18th century

A

There was a steady drop in prices owing to the expanded use of colonial slave labor

22
Q

What was the result of the consumer revolution of the 18th century

A

A new type of society in which people derived their self-identity as much from their consuming practices as from their work lives

23
Q

The growth in 18th century consumerism in clothing was encouraged by what two factors

A

The growth of fashion merchants who dictated changing styles and the declining production costs based on female labor

24
Q

What was the greatest achievement of 18th century medical science

A

Conquest of smallpox

25
How did the new fashion practices demonstrate changes in gender distinctions
Men increasingly moved away from ostentatious fashions and toward plain dark suits, while women acquired larger and more expensive wardrobes
26
What caused the pattern of late marriage in early modern europe
It was a necessary precondition of economic independence
27
Edward jenner received financial prizes from the british government for
Discovering that cowpox could be used to vaccinate against smallpox
28
In the 18th century, what was the focal point of community cohesion
The parish church
29
The dissolution of the Jesuit order in 1773 is a striking indication of the
Power of the state over the church
30
In the 18th century, what did the strength of popular religion in catholic countries reflect
Its importance in community life
31
The religious revival movement known as pietism
Called for a warm, emotional religion that everyone could experience
32
In the 18th century, what problems did the church of england face
Officials of both church and state used it to provide high-paying jobs to favorites and ignored the spiritual needs of the people
33
Why was john wesley's methodism particularly appealing
He refuted the doctrine of predestination, insisting that anyone who earnestly sought salvation could gain it
34
How did the evangelicals within the church of england respond to the rise of methodism
They copied Methodism' practices in oder to appeal to more of the common people
35
Why did the persecution of witches slowly come to an end by the late 18th century
Elites increasingly dismissed fears of witchcraft and refused to prosecute suspected witches
36
Why did surgeons in the 18th century face incredible difficulties
Surgery was performed in utterly unsanitary conditions, which meant the simplest would could become infected and lead to death
37
18th century blood sports such as bullbaiting and cockfighting were
Popular with the european masses
38
Europeans believed grain and bread should be available at
A just price-one that was fair to both consumers and producers
39
Why did pietism, which began in germany in the late 17th century, appeal to people
It emphasized a warm and emotional religion
40
What was the catholic version of pietism
jansenism
41
One of the country's most influential works on child-reading was emile; or, on education by
Jean-jacques rousseau