Chapter 12 Endocrine System Flashcards
adrenal glands
glands located above the kidneys that secrete various hormones, including cortisone and adrenaline
hormone
chemical substance secreted by an endocrine gland the is carried by the blood to a target tissue
islets of Langerhans
clusters of endocrine tissue found throughout the pancreas, made up of different cell types that secrete various hormones, including insulin
metabolism
sum total of all the chemical processes that take place in a living organism
pancreas
long organ that lies transversely across the upper abdomen that has a role in digestion as well as hormone secretion; contains the islets of Langerhans, which perform endocrine functions
pituitary gland
pea-sized gland located at the base of the brain; produces hormones that stimulate the function of other endocrine glands
thymus
lymphatic organ located behind the sternum; plays an important role in the development of the body’s immune system, particularly from infancy to puberty
thyroid gland
butterfly-shaped gland located anteriorly in the neck and inferior to the larynx; secretes hormones that regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats needed for growth, development, and basal metabolic rate
adrenal/o
adrenal gland
crin/o
to secrete
dips/o
thirst
-ism
state of
glyc/o
sugar
thym/o
thymus gland
thyroid/o
thyroid gland
acromegaly
enlargement of the extremities (and facial features)
adenoma
tumor composed of a gland (glandular tissue)
adrenalectomy
excision of the adrenal gland
adrenalitis
inflammation of the adrenal gland
adrenomegaly
enlargement (of one or both) of the adrenal glands
endocrine
to secrete within
endocrinologist
physician who studies and treats disease of the endocrine system
endocrinology
study of the endocrine system
endocrinopathy
(any) disease of the endocrine system
glycemia
condition of sugar in the blood
hyperglycemia
condition of excessive sugar in the blood
hyperthyroidism
state of excessive thyroid activity
hypoglycemia
condition of deficient sugar in the blood
hypothyroidism
state of deficient thyroid activity
polydipsia
condition of much throat
polyuria
condition of much urine
thymectomy
excision of the thymus gland
thymic
pertaining to the thymus gland
thymoma
tumor of the thymus gland
thyroidectomy
excision of the thyroid gland
thyroiditis
inflammation of the thyroid gland
Addison disease
chronic syndrome resulting from a deficiency in the hormonal secretion of the adrenal gland with symptoms of weight loss, hypotension, and skin darkening (also called primary adrenal insufficiency)
diabetes mellitus (DM)
chronic disease involving a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism caused by under activity of the insulin-producing islets of Langerhans in the pancreas and characterized by elevated blood sugar; it can also be caused by resistance of the tissues to insulin)
fasting blood sugar (FBS)
blood test to determine the amount of glucose (sugar) in the blood after fasting for 8 to 10 hours. Elevation may indicate diabetes mellitus.
fine needle aspiration (FNA)
biopsy technique that users a narrow hollow needle to obtain tiny amounts of tissue for pathologic examination. Thyroid nodules are frequently biopsied using FNA
glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)
blood test used to diagnose diabetes and monitor its treatment by measuring the amount of glucose (sugar) bound to hemoglobin in the blood; provides an indication of blood sugar level over the past three months, covering the 120-day lifespan of the red blood cell (also called glycated hemoglobin, hemoglobin A1c)
goiter
enlargement of the thyroid gland
Graves disease
disorder of the thyroid gland characterized by the presence of hyperthyroidism, goiter, and exophthalmos (protrusion of the eyes)
metabolic syndrome
group of signs and symptoms including insulin resistance, obesity characterized by excessive fat around the area of the waist and abdomen, hypertension, hyperglycemia, elevated triglycerides, and low levels of the “good” cholesterol HDL (also called syndrome X and insulin resistance syndrome)
DM
diabetes mellitus
FBS
fasting blood sugar
FNA
fine needle aspiration
HbA1c
glycosylated hemoglobin
T1DM
type 1 diabetes mellitus
T2DM
type 2 diabetes mellitus