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Building construction > chapter 12 > Flashcards

chapter 12 Flashcards

special structures/deign

1
Q

building more that 75 ft in height. ( any building with occupied stories beyond the effective reach of fire equipment)

A

high rise building

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2
Q

challenges of High rises

A

height to tall for aerial ladder

asses to fire floor takes longer

more resources /personnel required with more coordination

more pp /activites = more probability of calls p. 310

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3
Q

what 2 developments made high rises possible and practical at the end of the 19th century ‘’ theses innovations made what limitations obsolete ?

A

use of steel frame construction and elevators

  1. height limitation of masonry/wood construction
  2. unpredictability /brittleness of cast iron
  3. access of high floors w/o mechanical assistance
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4
Q

most significant and obvious feature of modern high rises

A

height

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5
Q

earliest high rises were early more than

A

10 - 12 stories

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6
Q

empire state building made in 1930 had how many floors

A

102

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7
Q

modern building may be used for many individual purposes including

A

assembly , institutional, mercantile, educational

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8
Q

buildings with modern Hvac systems are designed to use for ventilation and are often constructed w/o ?

A

operable windows p. 311

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9
Q

often high rise building will be constructed of a combo of

A

reinforced concrete and a protected steel frame

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10
Q

Typically, model building code requires ‘’ fire resistance for structural frame of high rises , depending on the # of stories .occupancy and ‘’ hour fire distance for floors

A

2or 3,
2 for floors

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11
Q

in reinforced concrete construction, the floors will be ‘’ in steel frame buildings the floor will be ‘

A

concrete slab

concrete placed over corrugated steel. 313

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12
Q

in early high rises fire protection was usually provided by what systems .

A

standpipes

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13
Q

standpipes risers /hose beds are located in

A

stairwells `

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14
Q

one unavoidable problem with standpipes is

A

variation of pressure in tandem with building height( hydrostatic pressure)

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15
Q

nfpa 14 standard for installation of standpipes mandates what

A

pressure reducing values p. 314

( reduces the water pressure usually 100 )

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16
Q

Modern High rises have voice alarm systems that auto sound on alert tone followed by ‘’

A

Voice instructions upon accusation of any detector, water flow device or manual pull station.

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17
Q

Voice evacuation system are often zoned by

A

floor

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18
Q

detection devices in High rises, along with water flow switches are monitored via

A

fire alarm system

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19
Q

high rise buildings typically include :

A

duct detectors to prevent recirculation of smoke to other floors

smoke detectors in elevators machine rooms/ lobbies to initiate recall

circuit breaker linked to heat detection system to disconnect electrical equip

corridor smoke doctors in residential

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20
Q

unique alarm feature in high rises is requirement for a ‘’, this system operates b’tw locations including ‘’

A

2 way fire dept communication

fire command center

landing of enclosed exit stairways
areas of refuge
elevtors /lobbies
emergency generators
fire pump rooms p. 316-17

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21
Q

all model building codes require smookproofing in stairs serving floors

A

75 feet or higher

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22
Q

a common approach using mechanical equipment was called a

A

pressure sandwich ( vented the fire floor and pressurized the floors above and below to contain smoke )

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23
Q

typically a fire command center is located on ‘’

A

first floor

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24
Q

fire command center has min requirement of

A

separate from rest fo building with 1 hour fire rating p. 317

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25
Q

typical features of fire command center

A

emergency voice alarm system control panel

fire dept 2 way phone system

fire detection /alarm annunicaitor panel

elevator location/status panel

sprinkler valve/ waterflow annuciator

emergency /stadnby power status indicator

central status panel for smoke MNGT

control for unlocking stariways

fire pump status indicator

telephone for fire dept use with acess to public phones

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26
Q

in ‘‘configurations, building services such as elevators, stairwells, and service shafts are grouped in the center of the floor

A

central core floor plan

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27
Q

Hvac systems in high rises are designed to manage

A

products of combustions p. 318

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28
Q

circuit breaker used as a saftey device in an elevator system ( shuts down system b4 sprinklers are discharged )

A

shunt trip p. 319

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29
Q

only consider using elevator if the fire is above

A

5th floor

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30
Q

do not travel above fire floor is an elevator is it serves

A

all floors

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31
Q

never take a elevator

A

below ground

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32
Q

do not use elevtor for occupant rescue if

A

fire is not under control

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33
Q

power could fail

A

at any time during a fire

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34
Q

emergency operating mode for elevator , recalls the car to terminal floor lobby and opens doors

A

phase 1 operation

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35
Q

critical susceptibility factors of elevators include

A

smoke , heat, water , flame

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36
Q

phase 1 operation can be triggered y

A

activation of :
smoke detectors
sprinklers
manuel keyed switch in terminal floor lobby p. 320

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37
Q

requirement for recall does not apply for

A

freight elevators

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38
Q

emergency operating mode for elevators, allows emergency use of the elevator w/ certain safeguards and special functions ( operating from the inside by overriding the recall allowing FF to Operate it )

A

phase 2 operations

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39
Q

model code specify that all new elevators must be equipped with

A

phase 2 ops

40
Q

what prevents the door from closing if there is a person or smoke in the doorway is sable during phase 2 ops to allow the doors to be closed and crar moved if it inadvertently stops at a smoke filled floor

A

electric eye safety p. 321

41
Q

a FF must remain in the car during what phase

A

2

42
Q

building features that limit FF access

A

solid walls ( no doors/windows )

obstructions on exterior walls , between buildings and road

banked earth of difficult terrain

43
Q

limited access build must be

A

sprinklered

44
Q

underground buildings may have occupancy areas’’ or lower that primary exit

A

30 ft

45
Q

Ex. of underground buildings include

A

parking garage
subways
storage
emergency comm/command center

46
Q

underground buildings follow the trend of ‘’ and many more are being built or planned theses include

A

green design

museums
libraries
academics
labs
industrial facilites
offices

47
Q

specific types of difficulty for FF in under ground facilities include

A

asses for FF
rescue and evacuation
ventilation of heat /smoke
water supply / draining of water

48
Q

greatest single challenges in underground fires is difficulty

A

venting smoke and heat p. 323

49
Q

’’ is required for buildings w/ levels below 30 ft below level of exit

A

smoke proofing

50
Q

where buildings have more that ‘’ separation of each level into 2 approximately equally sized compartments is required

A

60 ft

51
Q

below grade spaces often include multitudes of hazards including

A

use of natural gas or oil
high voltage electrical vaults
storage for chemical supply
water storage
diesel tanks used to power generators p. 324

52
Q

most significant advantage to membrane structure is the ability ti provide a

A

large unobstructed interior spacep325

53
Q

membrane structures that uses air pressure to develop its initial shape but may not use air pressure throughout it

A

air inflated structures

54
Q

Ex of air supported structures

A

sport staduim
tennis court
athletic field s
ice taking rinks
warehouses
casinos
church
campus dining facilities

55
Q

air inflated structures have several limitations including

A

1 story
vulnerable to high winds n
no fire rating

56
Q

limitations that only affect air supported construction include

A

inside pressure can only be slightly higher than outside

have some type of air foundation to counteract force of air blowing

cables used to anchor the roof to the ground

( there is more but look at page ) p. 326

57
Q

freestanding structure that uses suspension cables for support

A

cable membrane structure ( cable cover structure)

58
Q

structure supported primary by a frame or skeleton rather than by load bearing walls

A

frame membrane structures p. 327

59
Q

many states use ‘’ to store salt near highways

A

frame membrane p/328

60
Q

in malls code require FDC outlets at ‘’

A

stairways , entrances and passageways

61
Q

malls usually have how many levels

A

1-3

62
Q

codes requires mall walkways to have a min of ‘’

A

20 ft wide

63
Q

malls are designed w/ 1or more large well known , perimeter stores that are known as

A

anchor stores p. 329

64
Q

anchor stores maybe separated from smaller stores by

A

firewalls

65
Q

malls must be ‘’

A

full sprinklered

66
Q

malls must have a ‘’ hour rating

A

1 hour

67
Q

smoke control systems are required in malls ‘’ stories or higher

A

3 or more stories

68
Q

low profile sprinkler system and pendant used w/ concealed piping in correctional facilities

A

institutional sprinklers p. 330

69
Q

types of stuffy features in jails include

A

release of locking doors
smoke compartments
areas of refuge on either side of smoke barriers
sprinklers
smoke control system s
manual and auto fire alarm systems p. 331

70
Q

open areas in the center of a building , 2 or more stories, allow natural light

A

atrium

71
Q

model code for atriums include

A

auto sprinklers
1 hour fire rated
smoke control system

72
Q

some codes wave the required sprinklers if

A

its more than 55 ft above the floor p. 333

73
Q

for most occupancies what is not considered in the design

A

internal explosions

74
Q

a rapid release of energy is a

A

explosion

75
Q

this sudden release of energy produces outward pressure often referred to as

A

blast wave

76
Q

the damage an explosion may inflict on a structure depends on

A

max pressure
rate of pressure rise
duration of peak pressure
resistance of the confine structure

77
Q

explosions occur because of conditions including

A

chemical reaction ( mixture od air and flammable vapor)

uncontrolled chemical reaction in process plants

ignition of air and dust from grain or milling/sawing operations

boilers explosions ( no chem reaction)

78
Q

structural damage from an explosion can be mitigated through

A

containment or venting the forces

79
Q

containment includes

A

building enclosure with adequate reinforcement to contain pressure

expensive

80
Q

max pressure reached during explsotion may exceed

A

10 x the atmospheric pressure p. 334

81
Q

explosion venting is designed to quilty

A

relieve pressure b4 it cause damage

open all the time p. 335

82
Q

ideally explosion vent panels should not weigh more than

A

3 pounds per sq ft

83
Q

several diff materials are used such as

A

lightweight corrugated steel or aluminum, sheets

84
Q

types of explosion vents include

A

louvers openings
hanger type doors
wall panells
windows
roof vents

85
Q

larger vent areas result in

A

lower pressure w/in building

86
Q

international fire code section 911 allows for

A

brad away panels that blow out when building is over pressurized

70’s requires in exterior walls but

87
Q

hvac and sprinklers were allowed to be substituted for

A

break away panels p.336

88
Q

areas of refuge must have room for 1-2 wheel chairs and

A

must have auto sprinklers or standpipes

89
Q

what are logical locations for areas of refuge

A

stairways and elevtors lobbys

90
Q

stair ways refuges must be

A

separate from building w/ 1 hour fire rating

91
Q

areas of refuge must be provided with what

A

2 way communication system p. 337

92
Q

codes regarding industrial rack storage include considerations ‘’

A

height and style
what being stored
type of container
public accès
sq ft of storage area

93
Q

rack storage is used for the following reasons

A

increases effeiceny of a building space
simple use ( forklift)
tech permits precise control of inventory
can have height of 12 ft to 100 p. 338

94
Q

racks create unique fire hazard such as

A

high fire load ( when combustible )

narrow aisle ( pp can’t get in )

some spaces permit vertical fire travel through racks

95
Q

newer ceilings mounted sprinklers tech include sprinklers that can operate in 2 modes ?

A

control mode
suppression mode p. 339

96
Q
A

Building construction (12 decks)

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