Chapter 11: Airway Management Flashcards by Beyond Limits Education

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The act of air moving into and out of the lungs during chest compressions.

Passive Ventilation

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Occurs when a foreign body partially obstructs the patient’s airway.

Mild Airway Obstruction

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The ability of the alveoli to expand when air is drawn in during inhalation.

Compliance

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A side-lying position used to maintain a clear airway in unconscious patients without injuries who are breathing adequately.

Recovery Position

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The two nerves that innervate the diaphragm; necessary for adequate breathing to occur.

Phrenic Nerves

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A combination mask and reservoir bag system that is the preferred way to give oxygen in the prehospital setting; delivers 90% inspired oxygen and prevents inhaling the exhaled gases.

Nonrebreathing Mask

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A tubular structure that forms the posterior portion of the oral cavity, which is bordered superiorly by the hard and soft palates, laterally by the cheeks, and inferiorly by the tongue.

Oropharynx

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A process in which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Diffusion

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A condition of excessive oxygen consumption resulting in cellular and tissue damage.

Oxygen Toxicity

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Explain how to assess respirations.

Observe the following:
- Level of Consciouness
- Respiratory Rate
- Skin Signs
- Oxygen Saturation
- End-Tidal CO2

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Insertion of an endotracheal tube directly through the larynx between the vocal cords and into the trachea to maintain and protect an airway.

Endotracheal (ET) Intubation

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Any airway manipulation that induces the production of aerosols that may present a risk for airborne transmission of pathogens, such as CPR.

Aerosol-Generating Procedure

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An accumulation of air or gas in the pleural cavity that progressively increases pressure in the cheat and that interferes with cardiac function, with potentially fatal results.

Tension Pneumothorax

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Occurs when a foreign body completely obstructs the patient’s airway. The patient cannot breathe, talk, or cough.

Severe Airway Obstruction

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List signs and symptoms of abnormal breathing.

Irregulary inhalation / exhalation rythym.
Adventitious lung sounds
Tripod positioning
Reduced expired air flow
Use of accessory muscles
Shallow depth
Pale, cyantoic, cool, moist skin
Skin pulling around ribs or above clavicle during inhalation
Rate outside range for age group

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The biochemical processes that result in production of energy from nutrients within the cells; also called cellular respiration.

Metabolism

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The volume of air that reaches the alveoli. It is determined by subtracting the amount of dead space air from the tidal volume.

Alveolar Ventilation

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Metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen.

Aerobic Metabolism

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The space in between the vocal cords that is the narrowest portion of the adult’s airway.

Glottis

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The portion of the tidal volume that does not reach the alveoli and thus does not participate in gas exchange.

Dead Space

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Movements in which the skin pulls in around the ribs during inspiration.

Retractions

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Space within the chest that contains the heart, major blood vessels, vagus nerve, trachea, major bronchi, and esophagus; located between two lungs.

Mediastinum

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A high-pitched, whistling breath sound that is most prominent on expiration, and which suggests an obstruction or narrowing of the lower airways; occurs in asthma and bronchiolitis.

Wheezing

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The passive part of the breathing process in which the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles relax, forcing air out of the lungs.

Exhalation

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What are the signs/symptoms of respiratory distress?

* Patient awake/often anxious * Short of Breath * Labored Breathing * Speaks in short sentences

# What phrase or word matches this definition? A combination of two movements to open the airway by tilting the forehead back and lifting the chin; not used for trauma patients.

Head Tilt-Chin Lift Maneuver

# What phrase or word matches this definition? The amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from the lungs after breathing in as deeply as possible.

Vital Capacity

# What phrase or word matches this definition? Subdivision of the smaller bronchi in the lungs; made of smooth muscle and dilate or constrict in response to various stimuli.

Bronchioles

# What phrase or word matches this definition? Airway adjunct inserted into the mouth of an unresponsive patient to keep the tongue from blocking the airway and to facilitate suctioning the airway, if necessary.

Oropharyngeal (oral) Airway

# What phrase or word matches this definition? The metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; the principal product is lactic acid.

Anaerobic Metabolism

# What phrase or word matches this definition? A collection of blood in the pleural cavity.

Hemothorax

# What phrase or word matches this definition? The volume of air moved through the lungs in 1 minute minus the red space; calculated by multiplying tidal volume (minus dead space) and respiratory rate.

Alveolar Minute Volume

# What phrase or word matches this definition? The part of the pharynx that lies above the level of the roof of the mouth, or palate.

Nasopharynx

# What phrase or word matches this definition? A harsh, high-pitched respiratory sound, generally heard during inspiration, that is caused by partial blockage or narrowing of the upper airway; may be audible without a stethoscope.

Stridor

# What phrase or word matches this definition? A method of ventilation used to treat critically ill patients with respiratory distress; can prevent need for endotracheal intubation.

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)

# What phrase or word matches this definition? Occasional, gasping breaths that occur after the has stopped.

Agonal Gasps

# What phrase or word matches this definition? Absence of spontaneous breathing.

Apnea

# What phrase or word matches this definition? Visualization of the vocal cords, and thereby placement of the endotracheal tube, that is facilitated by use of a video camera and monitor.

Video Laryngoscopy

# What phrase or word matches this definition? The process of providing oxygen, often in combination with ventilation, prior to intubation in order to raise the oxygen levels of body tissues; a critical step in advanced airway management. This extends the time during which an advanced airway can be placed in an apneic patient, because the more oxygen that is available in the alveoli, the longer the patient can maintain adequate gas exchange in the lungs during the procedure.

Preoxygenation

# What phrase or word matches this definition? Point at which the trachea bifurcates into the left and right mainstream bronchi.

Carina

A pattern of rapid, deep respirations (gasps) with short pauses between sets. Caused by spinal meningitis, head injury, CNS problems.

[**Biot's Breathing**](https://youtu.be/6xqyq52oVuU)

# What phrase or word matches this definition? A partial or complete accumulation of air in the pleural space.

Pneumothorax

What are the signs/symptoms of respiratory arrest?

* Unresponsive * Not Breathing * Cyanosis

# What phrase or word matches this definition? Increased carbon dioxide level in the bloodstream.

Hypercarbia

# What phrase or word matches this definition? A complex structure formed by many independent cartilaginous structures that all work together; where the upper airway ends and the lower airway begins; also called the voice box.

Larynx

# What phrase or word matches this definition? A fixed flow rate ventilation device that delivers a breadth every time its button is pushed; also referred to as a flow-restricted, oxygen-powered ventilation device.

Manually Triggered Ventilation Device

# What phrase or word matches this definition? An assessment tool that measures oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in the capillary beds.

Pulse Oximetry

# What phrase or word matches this definition? Thin membrane that lines the chest cavity.

Parietal Pleura

# What phrase or word matches this definition? The exchange of air between the lungs and the environment; occurs spontaneously by the patient or with assistance from another person, such as an EMT.

Ventilation

# What phrase or word matches this definition? A degree of distress in a patient with a mild airway obstruction. The patient has a weak, ineffective cough, increased difficulty of breathing, or possible cyanosis and may produce a high-pitched noise during inhalation (stridor).

Poor Air Exchange

# What phrase or word matches this definition? Visualization of the airway with a laryngoscope.

Direct Laryngoscopy

# What phrase or word matches this definition? Bypassing of oxygen poor blood past nonfunctional alveoli to the left side of the heart.

Intrapulmonary Shunting

# What phrase or word matches this definition? A cyclical pattern of abnormal breathing that increases and then decreases in rate and depth, followed by a period of apnea. Caused by increasing intracranial pressure, brain stem injury.

**[Cheyne-Stokes Respirations](https://youtu.be/zrcXQhFK6ro)**

# What phrase or word matches this definition? A device with a one way valve and a face mask attached to a ventilation bag; when attached to a reservoir and connected to oxygen, it delivers more than 90% supplemental oxygen.

Bag-Valve Mask (BVM)

# What phrase or word matches this definition? Monitors levels of O2, CO2, and the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid and then provide feedback to the respiratory centers to modify the rate and depth of breathing based on the body's needs at any given time.

Chemoreceptors

# What phrase or word matches this definition? A body part or that appears on both sides of the midline.

Bilateral

# What phrase or word matches this definition? The process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Respiration

# What phrase or word matches this definition? Thin white bands of tough muscular tissue that are lateral borders of the glottis and serve as the primary center for speech production.

Vocal Cords

# What phrase or word matches this definition? A liquid protein substance that coats the alveoli in the lungs, decreases alveolar surface tension, and keeps the alveoli expanded; a low in a premature infant contributes to respiratory distress syndrome.

Surfactant

# What phrase or word matches this definition? A condition in which air fills the stomach, often as a result of high volume and pressure during artificial ventilation.

Gastric Distension

# What phrase or word matches this definition? A term used to distinguish the degree of distress in a patient with a mild airway obstruction. The patient is conscious and can cough forcibly, although wheezing may be heard.

Good Air Exchange

# What phrase or word matches this definition? The volume of air moved through the lungs in 1 minute; calculated by multiplying tidal volume and respiratory rate.

Minute Volume

# What phrase or word matches this definition? Large, semi-rigid suction tips recommended for suctioning the pharynx.

Tonsil Tips

Breathing pattern that is fast (tachypnea) and deep (hyperpnea). Caused by renal failure, metabolic acidosis, diabetic ketoacidosis.

**[Kussmaul's Breathing](https://youtu.be/raEKXVfuWTo)**

# What phrase or word matches this definition? The amount of carbon dioxide present at the end of an exhaled breath.

End-Tidal CO2

# What phrase or word matches this definition? The exchange of gases between the blood cells and the tissues.

Internal Respiration

# What phrase or word matches this definition? The process of delivering oxygen to the blood by diffusion from the alveoli following inhalation into the lungs.

Oxygenation

# What phrase or word matches this definition? A noninvasive method to quickly and efficiently provide information on a patient's ventilatory status, circulation, and metabolism. Effectively measures the concentration of carbon dioxide in expired air over time.

Capnography

# What phrase or word matches this definition? Open, clear of obstruction.

Patent

# What phrase or word matches this definition? A "backup system" to control respiration; senses drops in the oxygen level in the bloodstream.

Hypoxic Drive

# What phrase or word matches this definition? A safety system for large oxygen cylinders, designed to prevent the accidental attachment of a regulator to a cylinder containing the wrong type of gas.

American Standard Safety System

Explain how to assess ventilations.

* Observe patient for the following: * Dyspnea * Tachypnea * Adventitious Lung Sounds * Tripod Positioning * Accessory Muscle Use * Unequal/Inadequate Chest Expansion * Shallow or Deep Tidal Volume

# What phrase or word matches this definition? The active, muscular part of breathing that draws air into the airway and lungs.

Inhalation

# What phrase or word matches this definition? Irregular, ineffective respirations that may or may not have an identifiable pattern.

Ataxic Respirations

# What phrase or word matches this definition? The term used to describe the amount of gas in air or dissolved in fluid, such as blood.

Partial Pressure

List the signs of adequate breathing.

* Regular inhalation/exhalation pattern. * Clear/equal lung sounds on both sides of chest. * Regular/equal chest rise and fall. * Adequate tidal volume. * Normal rate for age group.

# What phrase or word matches this definition? A hollow, cylindrical device used to remove fluid from the patient's airway.

Suction Catheter

# What phrase or word matches this definition? The amount of air (in mL) that is moved into or out of the lungs during one breath.

Tidal Volume

# What phrase or word matches this definition? The upper airway tract or the passage above the larynx, which includes the nose, mouth, and throat.

Airway

# What phrase or word matches this definition? In the context of airway, the introductions of vomitus or other foreign material into the lungs.

Aspiration

What are the signs/symptoms of respiratory failure?

* Altered Mental Status (Lethargic) to VPU * Labored Breathing (Noticable Effort) * Speaks 1-2 Words * Cyanosis

# What phrase or word matches this definition? A surgical procedure to create an opening (stoma) into the trachea; a stoma in the neck connects the trachea directly to the skin.

Tracheostomy

# What phrase or word matches this definition? The exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood cells in the pulmonary capillaries; also called pulmonary respiration.

External Respiration

# What phrase or word matches this definition? Technique to open the airway by placing the fingers behind the angle of the jaw bringing the jaw forward; used for patients who may have a cervical spine injury.

Jaw-Thrust Maneuver

# What phrase or word matches this definition? The use of a capnometer, a device that measures the amount of expired carbon dioxide.

Capnometry

# What phrase or word matches this definition? Breathing that requires greater than normal effort; may be faster or slower than normal and usually requires the use of accessory muscles.

Labored Breathing

# What phrase or word matches this definition? A flexible device that is inserted between the glottis under direct laryngoscopy; the endotracheal tube is threaded over the device, facilitating its entry into the trachea.

Gum Elastic Bougie

# What phrase or word matches this definition? A ventilation device attached to a control box that allows the variables of ventilation to be set. It frees the EMT to perform other tasks while the patient is being ventilated.

Automatic Transport Ventilator (ATV)

# What phrase or word matches this definition? A protective item, such as a pocket mask with a valve, that limits exposure to a patient's body fluids.

Barrier Device

# What phrase or word matches this definition? Improper placement of an advanced airway device into the esophagus rather than into the trachea.

Esophageal Intubation

# What phrase or word matches this definition? An oxygen-delivery device in which oxygen flows through two small, tubelike prongs, that fit into the patient's nostril; delivers 24% to 44% supplemental oxygen, depending on flow rate.

Nasal Cannula

# What phrase or word matches this definition? Deficient oxygen concentration in the tissues.

Hypoxia

# What phrase or word matches this definition? Shortness of breath.

Dyspnea

# What phrase or word matches this definition? Airway adjunct inserted into the nostril of an unresponsive patient or patient with an altered mental status who cannot maintain airway independently.

Nasopharyngeal (nasal) Airway

# What phrase or word matches this definition? The process of replacing nitrogen in the lungs with oxygen to maintain a normal oxygen saturation level during advanced airway management.

Denitrogenation

# What phrase or word matches this definition? The air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration.

Residual Volume

# What phrase or word matches this definition? A normal reflex mechanism that causes retching; activated by touching the soft palate or back of the throat.

Gag Reflex

# What phrase or word matches this definition? An opening through the skin and into an organ or other structure.

Stoma

# What phrase or word matches this definition? A system established for portable cylinders to ensure that a regulator is not connected to a cylinder containing the wrong type of gas.

Pin-Indexing System

# What phrase or word matches this definition? Thin membrane that covers the lungs.

Visceral Pleura