Chapter 100: Palate

Question 1

What runs through the major palatine foramen?

Answer 1

major palatine artery
maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve (sensory to oral side of hard palate)

Question 2

Principle blood supply to the soft palate is from which artery?

Answer 2

Minor palatine artery

Question 3

List the muscles of the soft palate and their function:

Answer 3

• Palatinus - shortens the palate rostrally
• Tensor veli palatini - Stretches the soft palate between the pterygoid bones
• Levator veli palatini - Elevates the caudal soft palate to protect nasopharynx at swallow

Question 4

At what time frame does intrauterine insult (trauma, stress, corticosteroids, antimitotic drugs, nutritional, hormonal, viral, toxic) result in a cleft?

Answer 4

25-28 days

Question 5

At what time frame is sx for cleft palate recommended?

Answer 5

3-4 months, some defects may get smaller with growth but want to repair before this tissue becomes friable and delicate.

Question 6

Increase in resistance to airflow is caused largely by a decrease in airway radius as illustrated by which law?

Answer 6

Poiseuille’s law
- Q = πΔPr4/8ŋl,

Q is the rate of flow; ΔP is the pressure difference between the ends of the airway; r is the radius of the airway; ŋ is the viscosity of the gas; and l is the length of the airway

Flow is proportional to the radius of the airway to the fourth power.

Question 7

What is the Hering-Breuer reflex?

Answer 7

A stretch reflex mediated by vagal fibers that control the rate and depth of respiration.

Causes a longer contraction of the inspiratory muscles during each breath cycle in response to increased upper airway resistance.

Question 8

What is the normal tracheal diameter in non-brachycephalic dogs?

In Bulldogs?

Answer 8

Non-brachy: 20% of thoracic inlet diameter

Bulldogs: 12.7%

Question 9

How may pairs of pharyngeal arches are there in the embryo?
What arches form the mandibular and maxillary prominences (which form the oral cavity?

Answer 9

6 pairs

1st pair forms the prominences

Question 10

What form of epithelium forms in the nasal cavity?
In the oral cavity?

Answer 10

Nasal - pseudostratified ciliated columnar
Oral - stratified squamous

Question 11

What bones form the hard palate?

Answer 11

• Palatine
• Maxillary
• Incisive
  + palatal mucoperiosteum

Question 12

Where does a normal soft palate extend to?

Answer 12

Just caudal to last maxillary molar teeth

Question 13

How many transverse ridges/depressions are there in the normal hard palate?

Answer 13

6-10

Question 14

What runs through the major palatine foramen?

Answer 14

major palatine artery
major palatine branch of maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve (sensory to oral side of hard palate)

Question 15

Where are the major palatine foramina?

Answer 15

Medial to the maxillary 4th premolar.

Question 16

What nerve supplies sensation to the soft palate?

Answer 16

Minor palatine branch of maxillary division of trigeminal.

Question 17

What are the 2 functions of the soft palate during swallowing?

Answer 17

• Stimulation of sensory nerves in the palate are part of the mechanism that triggers swallowing
• Closure of intrapharyngeal opening during swallowing and vomiting to prevent aspiration

Question 18

On what side do unilateral cleft lips most commonly form?

Answer 18

Left

Question 19

What % of airway resistance is due to the nose in normal dogs?

Answer 19

80%

Question 20

What % of dogs with BOAS have moderate to severe GI signs?

Answer 20

10-74%

Question 21

What is Poiseuille’s law?

Answer 21

Flow in a tube is proportional to the radius to the fourth power

Question 22

Causes (5) of acquired palate defects?

Answer 22

Chronic infection, trauma, neoplasia, surgery, radiation therapy

Question 23

Two considerations in treatment for oronasal fistula?

Answer 23

Let it declare itself before repair, remove cause of defect before repair.