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A&P > Chapter 10 Muscle Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Muscle Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

term for the change in charge across a membrane

A

action potential

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2
Q

another term for muscle cell

A

muscle fiber

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3
Q

adipose & areolar tissue below skin, also called superficial fascia

A

hypodermis

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4
Q

structure that connects muscle to bone

A

tendon

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5
Q

structure that connects bone to bone

A

ligament

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6
Q

term for a flat tendon

A

aponeurosis

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7
Q

groups of muscle cells within a muscle

A

muscle fascicle

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8
Q

another name for a skeletal muscle cell membrane

A

sarcolemma

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9
Q

name for the invagination of the sarcolemma into the muscle cell

A

T-tubule

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10
Q

name for the cytoplasm of the muscle cell

A

sarcoplasm

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11
Q

ion that is in low concentration in the sarcoplasm when a muscle cell is at rest

A

Ca++

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12
Q

another term for the smooth ER of muscle cell that stores calcium

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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13
Q

long contractile cylinders within a muscle cell

A

myofibrils

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14
Q

the myofilament made up of mostly myosin

A

thick

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15
Q

the name for the dark band or striation in a muscle cell

A

A-band

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16
Q

the name for the light band between striations of a muscle cell

A

I-band

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17
Q

the unit that runs from Z-line to Z-line in a muscle cell

A

sarcomere

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18
Q

the unit of contraction in a muscle cell

A

sarcomere

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19
Q

the thick myofilament and partially overlapping thin myofilament make up this part of the sarcomere

A

A-band

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20
Q

the Z-line is found in the middle of this band

A

I-band

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21
Q

middle of the A-band where no thin myofilament overlaps

A

H-zone

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22
Q

part of the myosin protein in the muscle cell that has the ability to break down ATP

A

myosin head

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23
Q

thin myofilament protein that binds to myosin

A

actin

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24
Q

the protein that covers the myosin-binding sites on actin

A

tropomyosin

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25
Q

protein in the thin myofilament that can bind calcium

A

troponin

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26
Q

protein channel that opens when there is a change in charge

A

voltage-gated channel

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27
Q

the part of the neuromuscular junction that releases neurotransmitter

A

axon terminal

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28
Q

neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction

A

acetylcholine

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29
Q

connective tissue that surrounds an entire muscle

A

epimysium

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30
Q

structures in the axon terminal that contain neurotransmitter

A

synaptic vesicles

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31
Q

enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine

A

acetylcholinesterase

32
Q

one neuron and all muscle cells it innervates

A

motor unit

33
Q

size of a motor unit that has one neuron attached to many many muscle cells

A

large

34
Q

size of a motor unit that has one neuron attached to only a few muscle cells

A

small

35
Q

motor unit size you would expect in muscles of the back

A

large

36
Q

law that states that when a muscle cell contracts, it contracts all of the way

A

all or none Law

37
Q

term used to describe increasing the number of active motor units

A

recruitment

38
Q

muscle that has decreased muscle tone

A

hypotonic

39
Q

muscle that has increased muscle tone

A

hypertonic

40
Q

“limp” paralysis due to damage of nerve (motor neurons)

A

flaccid paralysis

41
Q

paralysis where muscles remain contracted

A

spastic paralysis

42
Q

type of paralysis usually seen when there is brain damage

A

spastic

43
Q

term used to describe the condition when a muscle has lost myofibrils

A

atrophy

44
Q

term used to describe the condition when a muscle has increased myofibrils

A

hypertrophy

45
Q

location of calcium pump in a neuron

A

axon terminal membrane

46
Q

term used to describe the pivoting of myosin heads attached to actin

A

power stroke

47
Q

location of calcium pump in a muscle cell

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane

48
Q

storage of high energy phosphate in muscle cells other than ATP

A

phosphocreatine

49
Q

products of anaerobic breakdown of glucose

A

2 lactic acid + 2 ATP

50
Q

reaction that has these products: water, carbon dioxide, ATP, heat

A

cellular respiration

51
Q

protein that stores oxygen in muscle cells

A

myoglobin

52
Q

the amount of oxygen the body must take up to rebuild the energy stores

A

oxygen debt

53
Q

stored polysaccharide in muscle cells

A

glycogen

54
Q

contraction of one motor unit in response to action potential

A

twitch

55
Q

graph of a twitch

A

myogram

56
Q

time before muscle contraction in a myogram

A

latent period

57
Q

time it takes before a muscle cell can contract a second time

A

refractory period

58
Q

type of muscle cell that can react quickly and use anaerobic ATP

A

fast twitch fibers

59
Q

type of muscle fibers that use cellular respiration for ATP and fatigue less

A

slow twitch fibers

60
Q

term used to describe a second contraction greater than first when the muscle cell is stimulated before complete relaxation

A

summation

61
Q

term used to describe sustained muscle contraction

A

tetanus

62
Q

term used to describe muscle contraction that becomes greater if a muscle contracts and completely relaxes several times

A

treppe

63
Q

type of contraction described when a muscle as a whole stays the same length in spite of cross bridges forming

A

isometric contraction

64
Q

type of contract described when a constant load is placed on a muscle and the muscle shortens

A

isotonic contraction

65
Q

types of junctions found in an intercalated disc

A

gap, desmosome

66
Q

cell junction in cardiac muscle

A

intercalated disc

67
Q

ability of cardiac muscle to develop an action potential without a neuron input

A

self-excitation

68
Q

type of muscle with the greatest regenerative capacity

A

smooth

69
Q

part of the neuromuscular junction that has acetylcholine receptors

A

motor end plate

70
Q

the name for the space between the axon terminal and motor end plate

A

synaptic cleft

71
Q

number of neurons in a motor unit no matter what the size

A

one

72
Q

organelle required by muscle cells that create a lot of ATP by cellular respiration

A

mitochondria

73
Q

the color of a muscle with a lot of myoglobin

A

red

74
Q

muscle that is not striated

A

smooth

75
Q

what occurs when acetylcholine binds to its receptor at the neuromuscular junction

A

Na+ influx

76
Q

connective tissue surrounding one muscle cell

A

endomysium

A&P (16 decks)

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