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Psychology > Chapter 1 Social Influence - Obedience > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Social Influence - Obedience Flashcards

1
Q

Obedience - Milgram´s research - Baseline procedure?

A

American men gave fake electric shocks to a ´Learner´in response to instructions (prods) from an ´Experimenter´.

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2
Q

Obedience - Milgram´s research - Baseline findings?

A
  • 65% gave highest shock of 450V.
  • 100% gave shocks up to 300V.
  • Many showed signs of anxiety e.g. sweating.
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3
Q

Obedience - Evaluation of Milgram´s research - Research support? STRONG

A

French TV documentary/game show found 80% gave maximum shock, plus similar behaviour to Milgram´s pts (Beauvois et al).

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4
Q

Obedience - Evaluation of Milgram´s research - Low internal validity? WEAK

A
  • Pts realised shocks were fake, so ´play-acting´(Orne & Holland). Supported by Perry - tapes of pts showed only 50% believed shocks real.
  • Counterpoint is pts did give real shocks to a puppy (Sheridan & King).
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5
Q

Obedience - Evaluation of Milgram´s research - Alternative interpretation of findings? WEAK

A

Hasam et al found pts didn´t obey Prod 4. Pts identified with scientfic aims (social identity) - not blind obedience.

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6
Q

Obedience - Evaluation of Milgram´s research - Ethical issues? WEAK/STRONG

A

Deception means pts could not properly consent (Baumrind). May be balanced by benefits of research.

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7
Q

Obedience - Evaluations of Milgram’s research? (SLLX)

A

S - Research support
L - Low internal validity
L - Alternative interpretation of findings
X - Ethical issues

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8
Q

Situational variables - Research - Proximity?

A
  • Obedience 40% with T & L in same room, 30% for touch proximity.
  • Psychological distance affects obedience.
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9
Q

Situational variables - Research - Location?

A
  • Obedience 47.5% in run-down office building.
  • University´s prestige gave authority.
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10
Q

Situational variables - Research - Uniform?

A
  • Obedience 20% when Experimenter was ´member of the public´.
  • Uniform is a symbol of legitimate authority.
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11
Q

Situational variables - Evaluation of research - Research support? S

A

Bickman showed power of uniform in field experiment.

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12
Q

Situational variables - Evaluation of research - Cross-cultural replications? S

A
  • Dutch pts ordered to say stressful things to interviewee, decreased proximity led to decreased obedience (Meeus & Raaijmakers).
  • Counterpoint is most studies in countries similar to US, so not generalisable (Smith & Bond).
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13
Q

Situational variables - Evaluation of research - Low internal validity? L

A

Some of Milgram´s procedures in the variations were especially contrived, so not genuine obedience (Orne & Holland).

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14
Q

Situational variables - Evaluation of research - The danger of the situational perspective? L

A

Gives obedience alibi for destructive behaviour (Mandel).

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15
Q

Situational variables - Evaluations of research? (SSLL)

A

S - Research suport
S - Cross-cultural replications
L - Low internal validity
L - The danger of the situational perspective

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16
Q

Situational explanations - Agentic state - Agentic state?

A

Acting as an agent of another person.

17
Q

Situational explanations - Agentic state - Autonomous state?

A
  • Free to act according to conscience.
  • Switching between the two - agentic shift.
18
Q

Situational explanations - Agentic state - Binding factors?

A

Allow individual to ignore the damaging effects of their obedient behaviour, reducing moral strain.

19
Q

Situational explanations - Evaluations of the agentic state? (SLL)

A

S - Research support
L - A limited explanation
L - Obedience alibi revisited

20
Q

Situational explanations - Evaluation of the agentic state - Research support? S

A

Milgram´s resistant pts continued giving shocks when Experimenter took responsibility.

21
Q

Situational explanations - Evaluation of the agentic state - A limited explanation? L

A

Cannot explain wy Rank & Jacobson´s nurses & some of Milgram´s pts disobeyed.

22
Q

Situational explanations - Evaluation of the agentic state - Obedience alibi revisited? L

A

Police Battalion 101 behaved autonomously but destructively (Mandel).

23
Q

Situational explanations - Legitimacy of authority - Legitimacy of authority?

A
  • Created by hierarchical nature of society.
  • Some people entitled to expect obedience.
  • Learned in childhood.
24
Q

Situational explanations - Legitimacy of authority - Destructive authority?

A

Problems arise when used destructively (e.g. Hitler).

25
Q

Situational explanations - Evaluation of legitimacy of authority - Explains cultural differences? S

A

In Australia 16% obeyed (Kilham & Mann) but 85% in Germany (Mantell), related to structure of society.

26
Q

Situational explanations - Evaluation of legitimacy of authority - Cannot explain all (dis)obedience? L

A

Rank & Jacobson´s nurses in hierarchical structure but did not obey legitimate authority.

27
Q

Situational explanations - Evaluation of legitimacy of authority - Real-world crimes of obedience? X

A

Rank & Jacobson found disobedience to doctors but stronger hierarchy & obedience at My Lai (Kelman & Hamilton).

28
Q

Situational explanations - Evaluations of legitimacy of authorty? (SLX)

A

S - Explains cultural differences
L - Cannot explain all (dis)obedience
X - Real-world crimes of obedience

29
Q

Dispositional explanation - The Authoritarian Personality - AP & obedience?

A

Adorno et al described AP as extreme respect for authority & submissiveness to it, contempt for inferiors.

30
Q

Dispositional explanation - The Authoritarian Personality - Origins of AP?

A

Harsh parenting creates hostility that cannot be expressed against parents so is displaced onto scapegoats.

31
Q

Dispositional explanation - The Authoritarian Personality - Adorno et al´s research: Procedure?

A

Used F-scale to study unconscious attitudes towards other ethnic groups.

32
Q

Dispositional explanation - The Authoritarian Personality - Findings?

A

AP´s identify with ´strong´people, have fixed cognitive style, and hold stereotypes & prejudices.

33
Q

Dispositional explanation - Evaluation of the AP - Research support? STRONG

A
  • Obedient pts had high F-scores (Elms & Milgram).
  • CP is that obedient pts were also unlike authoritarians in many ways, complex.
34
Q

Dispositional explanation - Evaluation of the AP - Limited Explanation? WEAK

A

Can´t explain obedience across a whole culture (social identity theory is better).

35
Q

Dispositional explanation - Evaluation of the AP - Political bais? WEAK

A

Authoritarianism equated with right-wing ideology, ignores left-wing authoritarianism (Christie & Jahoda).

36
Q

Dispositional explanation - Evaluation of the AP - Flawed evidence? STRONG/WEAK

A
  • F-scale is basis of AP explanation.
  • Has flaws (e.g. response bias) and so not useful (Greenstein).
37
Q

Dispositional Explanation - Evaluations of the AP? (SLLX)

A

S - Research support
L - Limited explanation
L - Political bias
X - Flawed evidence

Psychology (26 decks)

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