Chapter 1 Restorative Art and Science Flashcards
- Important for the value, meaning and significance of a family’s funeral experience.
- Viewing the deceased is valueable in helping the grieving family adjust to their loss.
- Help people understand and confront the reality of loss.
Value of Restorative Art
A controversy that has been going on since the latter half of the 20th century and still has not reached a consensus among funeral directors and embalmers.
- If a funeral director charges too much, a family may choose not to have a viewing because it is too expensive.
- Some believe whatever happens with the family’s buying decisions happens.
- Many will do the restorative treatments necessary- regardless of the time involved- for no additional compensation.
Charging for Restorative Art
- How much is your time worth?
- How much of your time do you want to donate as an act of charity?
- Most funeral directors make these decisions based on their financial advisors, their staff, and their hearts.
Deciding What to Charge
Religious beliefs required that in order to proceed to the hereafter, the body must remain intact.
- No other culture has practiced the complicated embalming procedures like this culture.
Egyptians
The art of building or creating parts pf the body which had been destroyed by accident, disease, decomposition, or discoloration, and making the body perfectly natural and lifelike.
Demi-Surgery (Derma-surgery)
In 1912, this was known as demi-surgery.
Restorative Art
Saw continued advancement in restorative art research and development.
- New and improved techniques, products, and instrumentation.
- Developed, tested, and marketed by professional testers and educators.
The 20th Century
- Researched techniques
- Developed special waxes and cosmetics
- Educated undertakers though classes
- Published articles
- Schools started teaching restorative art
- Known as the founder of restorative art
Joseph Crandall (J. Crandall, J.E. Crandall)
The care of the deceased to recreate natural form and color.
Restorative Art
Influenced by:
- The structure of bones
- Muscles
- Connective Tissues
- Skin
The Form of The Human Head
Influenced by:
- Genetics
- Aging
- Environmental Factors
- Nutrition
- Disease
- Pathological Conditions
The elements of the Form of The Human Head
The study of the structures and surface markings of the face and features.
Physiognomy
The study of humans as biological species with interest in evolution and modern human variation.
Physical Anthropology
The word we use in restorative art to refer to the ear.
Pinna
An orderly classification of plants or animals by their presumed natural relationships.
Taxonomy
- Hardwood
Deciduous
- Softwood
- Bear cones
- Have needles instead of leaves
Coniferous
Another word for shape.
Morphology
Refers to the different shapes that the face, cranium, and facial features assume.
Craniofacial Morphology
- Two of the most important influences on human form and behavior.
- Both have changed over many years.
Environment and Nutrition
Suggests that the continents were attached to one another early in the Earth’s history. The continents broke apart and moved into their current positions.
Theory of Continental Drift
- Include the descendents of Europe, which have migrated throughout:
- North America
- Australia
- New Zealand
- North America
- Middle East
- Western Asia
- May include people of the Indian subcontinent
European (White)
- Northern Asia
- Central Asia
- Eastern Asia
- Indonesia
- May include American Indians
Asiatic (Yellow)
- Distributed in modern local races of Saharan Africa and persons of African descent in the Western Hemisphere.
- The darkness of one’s skin color is not an indicator of genetic relationship to the African race, because racial distinction is based on many more classifications than skin color.
African (Black)
- Long head length
- Vertical forehead
- Little or no presence of supraorbital development
Morphology of the Skull: European
- Shorter skull lengths
- Vertical foreheads
- No supraorbital margins
Morphology of the skull: Asiatic
- Long skull length
- Vertical sloping of the forehead
- Greater supraorbital development
Morphology of the skull: African
- Long and narrow
Face shape: European
- Thick layer of fat that covers the cheekbones
- Wide face
- Typically squared jaw
- Round and flat appearance
Face shape: Asiatic
- Narrower face than Asiatic, not as long and narrow as the European
- Tend of have a projection of the jaws causing a gentle sloping of the face from the hairline to the chin with the chin protruding when viewed in profile.
Face Shape: African
- Narrow and long
- High root and bridge
- Straight
- Concave or convex in profile
- Thin medium tip and fleshy wings, which are thin and compressed.
Nose: European (Leptorrhine)
- Intermediate
- Very low root and bridge
- Medium width and concave in profile
- Tip and wings are medium thickness, wings are flared rather than compressed.
Nose: Asiatic (Mesorrhine)
- Wide
- Low and broad at the root and bridge
- Distinctive depression at the root.
- Tip is thick, wings are thick and flared
- Profile is straight or concave.
- Many variations occur
Nose: African (Platyrrhine)
- Horizontal eye closure
- Eyes slope in the direction in which the inner canthus is superior to the outer canthus (if sloping occurs at all).
- Thin to medium non-elevated lips
- Ear is moderate in length with large, free lobe and flat helix.
Eyes, Lips, Ears: European
- Sloping eyes (many lack this feature)
- Eyes outer canthus is superior to the inner canthus
- Lips are medium and non-elevated
- Ear is long and narrow with large, free lobes, and an unrolled outer rim (helix)
Eyes, Lips, Ears: Asiatic
- Eyes are greatly similar to the European race.
- Lips are thicker, elevated
- Ears are short and wide with small, attached lobes and deeply rolled outer rim.
Eyes, lips, Ears: African
Determined by the amount of melanin, carotene, and blood present.
Skin Color
Cells within the derma that produce melanin.
Melanocytes
The top layer of the skin.
Stratum Corneum
- Stratum corneum is more compact, therefore has greater permeability.
- Approximately 40-60% more sebaceous glands.
- White powder cosmetics can result in ashen skin (xeroxes)
- Orange-tinted or yellow-tinted cosmetic powders preferred for people with black, bronze, red, or yellow complexions.
Darker Skins (African and Asiatic)
Towards the head.
Superior
Towards the feet, lower in position.
Inferior
Towards the front.
Anterior (Ventral)
Towards the rear or caudal end.
Posterior (Dorsal)
Towards the midline.
Medial
Towards the side, away from the midline.
Lateral
A part extending beyond the level of its surroundings.
Projection
The withdrawal of a part from its normal position.
Recession
A hallow or concave region.
Depression
The state or condition of being thrust forward or projecting.
Protrusion
Exhibiting a depressed or hallow surface, a concavity.
Concave
Curved evenly; resembling a segment of the outer ridge of a sphere.
Convex
Slope; deviation from the horizontal or vertical.
Inclination
Correspondence in size, shape, and relative position of parts that are on opposite sides of the face.
Symmetry
Lack of symmetry, balance, or proportion.
Asymmetry
Two sides.
Bilateral
Disimilarities existing in the two sides of an object.
Bilateral Differences
A lengthwise cut that divides the body into right and left portions. If the division is into two equal halves, it is called median or mid-sagittal.
Median Plane
Divides the body into superior and inferior sections.
Horizontal (Transverse)
Divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.
Frontal (Coronal)
