Chapter 06 Part 2 Flashcards
Whar are characteristics of a malignant tumor?
rapid rate of growth
pattern of growth
aggresively invasive
what is the ability to spread to distant points?
metastasis
what is the original tumor mass growing point?
primary site
what is able to spread to one or more distant sites?
secondary sites
what is clearly the one characteristic that differentiates malignat from benign tumor?
ability to metastasize
what specialized technique based on identifying monochlonal anitbodies?
electron microscopy
what is the time between successive cell divisions?
generation time
includes time taken for mitosis itself
what ithe time required to double the number of tumor cells or the the size of the tumor?
doubling time
what is the number of tissue’s cell dividing?
growth factor
wha are the four factors for tumor invasion?
pressure atrophy
tumor cell motility
need surface receptor to bind
chemotaxis
what is the concepst called when tumors become neoplastic and secrete substances?
autocrine motolity factor
where do tumors invade?
along planes of low resistance
how are tumor cells carried to secondary sites?
blood or lymph
what are common secondary sites for tumor growth?
lungs
liver via the heptic portal system
where do tumor sites grow regarding arterial blood flow?
brain, spleen, kidney
what are the 3 factors associated with lymphatci growth?
- trapped in lymph
- tumor blocks lymph flow
- vascular arrangement favors tumor growth
what is lymphadenopathy
emlargment of regional lymph nodes
what is anemia
liack of oxygen delivery caused by a deficiency of hemoglobin or too few circulating red blood cells
what is the function of erythropoietin?
principlal stimulus to red blood cell production
what is ectpoic secretion?
tumors of non-endocrine ability to secrete functional hormones
what is paraneoplastic syndrome?
swide variety of tumor related effects whos pathogenesis is poorly understood
what is cachexia?
syndrome involving generally weakness, fever, weight loss
cummalative impact of multiple tumor effects over a course of a disease
what is tumor necrosis factor?
plays a role in increased consumption nutrients
what are other factros that contribute to cachexia?
toxins
necrotic debris from damaged tissue
what is oncogenesis?
involves he fundamental alteration of cell reproduction and differentiation
Under the concept of oncogensis, what regulates cell division exogenously?
growth fator
what proteins directly regulate mitosis?
protooncogenes
what are defetive protooncogenes known as?
oncogenes
what oncogene is thought to contribute to half of tumors?
p53
what is the process known as that produces oncogenes? (mechanism of oncogensis)
initialtion
what is the role of promoters? (mechanism of oncogensis)
chemical agents that stimulate cell division
what happens to cels when they are exposed to initiator and promoter?
transformation to neoplasm is greatly favored
what happens when the cell is exposed to promoter first?
no tumor formation
what are the two major sources of exposure to radiation?
- UV rays from the sun
2. industrial or medical sources
what does a virus do to biological agents?
alters DNA of the cells they effcts, converting proocogenes to oncogenes
what percent isdiagnosed with tumor over 55 years of age?
80%
what is a ployhydrocarbon?
class of substances primarily derived from the combustion of organic compounds
how are polycarbons acquired?
thru smoke or smoke prepaed foods
what is the potent carcinogen from smoke?
benzopyrene
in the earky days what were polycarbons assocuated with?
chimney sweeps(high rate of scrotal tumors)
what araomatic amines?
carbon ring structures in which an amino group is linked
HOw are these aromatic amines used?
to die fabric or as coloring agenst
whatis the effect of methylaminobenzene?
metabotlized in the liverto produce a carcinogenic agent that causes primary hepatic tumors
what is II-naphthy-lamine?
casues cancer in the bladder
what are nitrosimines?
interfer with DNA replication
nitrate ions react with amino acids
used in canned meats
what inhibits nitrosamine reactions?
ascorbic acid
what is an aflatoxin?
pr oduced by a fungi of the gene aspergillus
where do aflatoxins develop?
improperly stored peanuts, cotton seed, and corn
what are some examples of inorganic carcinogens?
cobalt, cadium, nickel, abestos and lead
what does nickel effect if inhaled?
lungs
how do you prevent inorganic carcinogens?
prevention of exposure to the environment
example, lung cancer and cigarette smoking
