Chapter 04 - Origins Of Culture & Architecture

Question 1

Ch. 4: H. Sapiens first appeared in Africa when approx?

Answer 1

250K YA

Question 2

Ch. 4: The last and most extensive migration took place during what time?

Answer 2

Paleolithic or Old Stone Age.

Question 3

Ch. 4: Stone tools were first used by what human ancestor?

Answer 3

H. habilis

Question 4

Ch. 4: Alternate terms for ice age and warming periods? What are we in now, and what is that period called?

Answer 4

Glacial and interglacial. We’re in an interglacial period called he Holocene.

Question 5

Ch. 4: What phenomenon sparked the sudden acceleration of the pace of cultural development?

Answer 5

Farming.

Question 6

Ch. 4: The need to store grain sparked what development?

Answer 6

Ceramics for storage.

Question 7

Ch. 4: What is an agrarian society?

Answer 7

A society that is agricultural; not nomadic or foraging.

Question 8

Ch. 4: Why is language an essential ingredient of culture?

Answer 8

Culture can be passed down to future generations.

Question 9

Ch. 4: A process where knowledge can be written down to greatly facilitate the passing of culture to future generations - even more that language. It is a critical ingredient in the development of culture and civilization.

Answer 9

Collective learning.

Question 10

Ch. 4: List the four catalytic events for the progress of civilizations in recent history.

Answer 10

1. Written language by river valley civilizations. 2. Invention of the printing press. 3. Inventions of the telephone and telegraph. 4. Invention of the PC and the Internet.

Question 11

Ch. 4: Preliminary roots of architecture began with what?

Answer 11

A home base.

Question 12

Ch. 4: What are the two models for development of a home base?

Answer 12

1. Tools were brought to a foraging area and left there for future use or use by other peoples. 2. Location of a central place for foraging where development of community skills was cultivated (division of labor, cooperation, etc).

Question 13

Ch. 4: Why is shelter building an adaptive behavior?

Answer 13

It requires advanced abilities for abstract thought, advanced tool making, and communication (no instinct).

Question 14

Ch. 4: Mary Leaky theorizes that the first shelters were built by whom?

Answer 14

H. Habilis

Question 15

Ch. 4: The archetype structure for Paleolithic shelters consists of what three things?

Answer 15

Foundation of stones, a skeleton/framework, and a protective skin.

Question 16

Ch. 4: Where is the earliest evidence of a human shelter, and what is it called?

Answer 16

Nice, France. Terra Amata.

Question 17

Ch. 4: The origins of art date back 45K to 10K years ago in what period?

Answer 17

Upper Paleolithic

Question 18

Ch. 4: What is parietal artwork?

Answer 18

Artwork on walls in caves.

Question 19

Ch. 4: The birth of cultural architecture (religious/social/political structures) is dated to ~10K - 12K YA with the discovery of which Southeastern Anatolia archaeological site?

Answer 19

Gobekli Tepe

Question 20

Ch. 4: What two landmarks of the Neolithic Age lead to the development of villages?

Answer 20

Agriculture and domestication of animals.

Question 21

Ch. 4: Hilltop fortresses and cluster communities are indicative of what age?

Answer 21

Neolithic

Question 22

Ch. 4: Cavit walls, dry stone walls, and midden are characteristic of what famous Neolithic village?

Answer 22

Skara Brae in Scotland