chap 8- disease challenged and strategies

Question 1

what is cancer caused by

Answer 1

uncontrolled cell division and a resistance of these abnormal cell to apoptosis

Question 2

what is the term cancer used to describe

Answer 2

collections of these cells growing and potentially spreading within the body

Question 3

what are the traditional cancer treatments

Answer 3

chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery

Question 4

what are monoclonal antibodies (mAbs)

Answer 4

specially designed sets of antibodies synthetically built in labs

Question 5

what are naked mAbs

Answer 5

dont have any other molecule joined to them

Question 6

what are conjugate mAbs

Answer 6

joined to secondary molecule, such as a chemotherapy drug or radioisotope molecule.

Question 7

what is an autoimmune disease

Answer 7

when the bodies own adaptive immune response will destroy its own cells causing an autoimmune disease

Question 8

when do autoimmune diseases occur

Answer 8

when:
cytotoxic T lymphocytes attack the tissues directly
B lymphocytes produce autoantibodies that attack the bodys own cells
mast cells are also activated and release histamines which results in inflammation around affected tissues

Question 9

how to treat autoimmune diseases

Answer 9

monoclonal antibodies can be made that block and neutralize cytokines, interupting the transmission of signals between cells and tissues.

Question 10

what is a sporadic disease

Answer 10

if they are only seen infrequently and in a small number of people

Question 11

what is an endemic

Answer 11

if they are consistently found in certain regions

Question 12

example of endemic

Answer 12

malaria

Question 13

what is an epidemic

Answer 13

if there is a rapid spread of the disease across a number of countries and a large number of people are affected

Question 14

what is a pandemic

Answer 14

if pathogens become worldwide threats to health

Question 15

what are emerging pathogens

Answer 15

pathogens that were previously undetected, unrecognized or unknown, or they could have been spread to new locations

Question 16

what is zoonosis

Answer 16

when a virus/disease jumps from animals to humans. e.g. COVID-19

Question 17

what can cause the re-emergence of pathogens

Answer 17

population growth
travel
crowding
migration
mutations in pathogen

Question 18

why is it important to identify pathogens

Answer 18

to control fast spreading disease

Question 19

what are antibiotics

Answer 19

natural or synthetic molecules that either slow bacterial growth or kill bacteria

Question 20

how can antivirals work

Answer 20

prevent virus from entering the cell
inhibiting enzymes that catalyse reproduction of the virus genome
blocking transcription and translation of viral proteins
prevent the virus from leaving the cell, and so preventing the infection of other cells

Question 21

what are fungicides (anti-fungals)

Answer 21

kill or prevent the growth of fungi and there spores

Question 22

how can fungicides work

Answer 22

can cause damage fo fungal cell membranes or interfere with energy production within fungal cells

Question 23

what is a non-infectious disease

Answer 23

caused by factors such as genetics, lifestyle, environment and not by disease causing organisms (pathogens). not spread from one person to another

Question 24

what is an infectious disease

Answer 24

caused by pathogenic organisms

Question 25

example of an infectious disease

Answer 25

small pox

Question 26

example of non-infectious disease

Answer 26

diabetes

Question 27

what is a contagious disease

Answer 27

a disease that can spread from one person to another through direct/indirect contact