chap 8- disease challenged and strategies Flashcards
what is cancer caused by
uncontrolled cell division and a resistance of these abnormal cell to apoptosis
what is the term cancer used to describe
collections of these cells growing and potentially spreading within the body
what are the traditional cancer treatments
chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery
what are monoclonal antibodies (mAbs)
specially designed sets of antibodies synthetically built in labs
what are naked mAbs
dont have any other molecule joined to them
what are conjugate mAbs
joined to secondary molecule, such as a chemotherapy drug or radioisotope molecule.
what is an autoimmune disease
when the bodies own adaptive immune response will destroy its own cells causing an autoimmune disease
when do autoimmune diseases occur
when:
cytotoxic T lymphocytes attack the tissues directly
B lymphocytes produce autoantibodies that attack the bodys own cells
mast cells are also activated and release histamines which results in inflammation around affected tissues
how to treat autoimmune diseases
monoclonal antibodies can be made that block and neutralize cytokines, interupting the transmission of signals between cells and tissues.
what is a sporadic disease
if they are only seen infrequently and in a small number of people
what is an endemic
if they are consistently found in certain regions
example of endemic
malaria
what is an epidemic
if there is a rapid spread of the disease across a number of countries and a large number of people are affected
what is a pandemic
if pathogens become worldwide threats to health
what are emerging pathogens
pathogens that were previously undetected, unrecognized or unknown, or they could have been spread to new locations
what is zoonosis
when a virus/disease jumps from animals to humans. e.g. COVID-19
what can cause the re-emergence of pathogens
population growth
travel
crowding
migration
mutations in pathogen
why is it important to identify pathogens
to control fast spreading disease
what are antibiotics
natural or synthetic molecules that either slow bacterial growth or kill bacteria
how can antivirals work
prevent virus from entering the cell
inhibiting enzymes that catalyse reproduction of the virus genome
blocking transcription and translation of viral proteins
prevent the virus from leaving the cell, and so preventing the infection of other cells
what are fungicides (anti-fungals)
kill or prevent the growth of fungi and there spores
how can fungicides work
can cause damage fo fungal cell membranes or interfere with energy production within fungal cells
what is a non-infectious disease
caused by factors such as genetics, lifestyle, environment and not by disease causing organisms (pathogens). not spread from one person to another
what is an infectious disease
caused by pathogenic organisms
example of an infectious disease
small pox
example of non-infectious disease
diabetes
what is a contagious disease
a disease that can spread from one person to another through direct/indirect contact
