chap 4- glossary

Question 1

activation energy

Answer 1

Activation energy- the energy required to initiate a reaction

Question 2

active site

Answer 2

Active site- the place on the surface of an enzyme molecule where substrate molecules attach

Question 3

ADP

Answer 3

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)- a low-energy compound made of adenine and ribose with two phosphate groups attached; it is converted to ATP for energy storage wen it gains a phosphate group.

Question 4

ATP

Answer 4

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)- a high-energy compound made of adenine and ribose with a chain of 3 phosphate groups attached; it releases energy for cellular reaction when its last phosphate group is removed and it is converted to ADP.

Question 5

aerobic cellular respiration

Answer 5

Aerobic cellular respiration- a metabolic reaction that requires oxygen to produce energy for the cell.

Question 6

allosteric site

Answer 6

Allosteric site- a binding site on a protein (usually an enzyme), that’s not part of the active site; binding of a specific molecule at this site results in a change in activity of the protein.

Question 7

anabolic reaction

Answer 7

Anabolic reaction- a reaction in which atoms and small molecules are joined together to make larger molecules.

Question 8

anaerobic cellular respiration

Answer 8

Anaerobic cellular respiration- cellular respiration in the absence of oxygen.

Question 9

ATP synthase

Answer 9

ATP synthase- an enzyme that provides energy for the cell through synthesis of ATP.

Question 10

biochemical pathway

Answer 10

Biochemical pathway- a series of chemical, each controlled by an enzyme, that brings about the step-by-step conversion of an initial substrate molecule to a final product.

Question 11

catabolic reaction

Answer 11

Catabolic reaction- a reaction in which larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules.

Question 12

catalyst

Answer 12

Catalyst- a substance that increases the rate of a reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change.

Question 13

cellular metabolism

Answer 13

Cellular metabolism- the sum of metabolic reactions in a cell

Question 14

cellular respiration

Answer 14

Cellular respiration- a process occurring in all living cells where large molecules are broken down to release energy.

Question 15

chlorophyll

Answer 15

Chlorophyll- the green pigment in plant chloroplasts, it absorbs light energy, making it available for photosynthesis.

Question 16

chloroplast

Answer 16

Chloroplast- a membrane-bound organelle containing chlorophyll and found in the cytoplasm of plants and algae; its main function is photosynthesis and storage of carbohydrates.

Question 17

coenzyme

Answer 17

Coenzyme- a small molecule that assists enzyme activity by carrying groups of atoms to or from the reaction.

Question 18

cofactor

Answer 18

Cofactor- a molecule that assists enzyme activity by helping the enzyme to fold properly or to facilitate the reaction

Question 19

competitive inhibitor

Answer 19

Competitive Inhibitor- a substance that competes with a substrate for an enzymes active site and thereby reduces the enzymes activity.

Question 20

electron transport chain

Answer 20

Electron transport chain- the process involving the stepwise transport of electrons to a final electron acceptor, such as oxygen (in aerobic cellular respiration); ultimately, it creates an electrochemical gradient across membranes to drive the addition of phosphate to ADP to yield ATP.

Question 21

endergonic reaction

Answer 21

Endergonic reaction- a chemical reaction that requires the input of energy for it to proceed.