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Biology 3/4 > chap 6- glossary > Flashcards

chap 6- glossary Flashcards

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1
Q

adaptive immune response

A

Adaptive Immune Response- an immune response directed against a specific antigen; it retains memory of that antigen so that on subsequent exposure to the same antigen, it responds with a secondary response.

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2
Q

allergen

A

Allergen- an antigen that is normally innocuous but can sometimes cause an over-reacti9on from the immune system known as an allergy.

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3
Q

allergy

A

Allergy- an immune response characterised by IgE production to an innocuous substance.

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4
Q

anaphylactic shock

A

Anaphylactic shock- a sever allergic reaction that causes widespread swelling, including of the face and neck, which can lead to difficulty breathing and a life-threatening reaction.

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5
Q

antibiotic

A

Antibiotic- a naturally or synthetically produced compound that is toxic to bacteria.

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6
Q

antigen

A

Antigen- a large molecule, usually a protein or polysaccharide, that generates an immune response.

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7
Q

apoptosis

A

Apoptosis- a programmed series of events that lead to cell death as a result of dismantling of the internal contents of the cells by various enzymes, including caspases.

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8
Q

bacteria

A

Bacteria- unicellular prokaryotes that can pathogenic and therefore carry disease.

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9
Q

bacterial capsule

A

Bacterial capsule- a polysaccharide layer surrounding some bacteria that makes them resistant to phagocytosis and thus more virulent.

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10
Q

cellular pathogen

A

Cellular pathogen- a disease-causing pathogen that is made up of one or more living cells such as bacteria or fungi.

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11
Q

chemokine

A

Chemokine- a type of cytokine that induces chemotaxis.

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12
Q

chemotaxis

A

Chemotaxis- the movement of an organism or a cell along a chemical concentration gradient either towards or away from a chemokine.

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13
Q

cilia

A

Cilia- slender hair-like structures projecting from a cell surface that beat against fluid.

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14
Q

companion plant

A

Companion plant- a plant that is grown with another plant because one species improves the growth of the other.

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15
Q

complement protein

A

Complement- a number of small proteins found in the blood that, when activated, promote chemotaxis, cell lysis and phagocytosis.

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16
Q

cytokine

A

Cytokine- a signalling molecule that coordinates inflammation and immune responses and that leukocytes use to communicate with one another; includes interleukins and interferons.

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17
Q

defensin

A

Defensin- a type of small antimicrobial peptide secreted by nearly all plants and animals.

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18
Q

degranulation

A

Degranulation- a cellular process in which the granules of neutrophils, mast cells, basophils or eosinophils are emptied into extracellular surroundings.

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19
Q

dendritic cell

A

Dendritic cell- a phagocyte with membranous extensions that engulf pathogens, process them and present them to other cells of the immune system.

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20
Q

desensitisation

A

Desensitisation- a treatment to make a person more tolerant to a substance to which they are allergic.

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21
Q

disease

A

Disease- any condition that interferes with how an organism, or any part of it, functions.

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22
Q

eosinophil

A

Eosinophil- a leukocyte that secretes powerful enzymes capable of rupturing multicellular organisms.

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23
Q

first line of defence

A

First line of defence- physical and chemical barriers that keep pathogens from entering the body of a living thing.

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24
Q

flagellum

A

Flagellum- a helical filament that rotates to give bacteria locomotion.

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25
Q

fungi

A

Fungi- a heterotrophic organism made up of one or many cells; has cell walls but is not a plant.

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26
Q

granulocyte

A

Granulocyte- a white blood cell that has granules in the cytoplasm.

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27
Q

histamine

A

Histamine- a chemical released by mast cells and basophils that increases blood flow and the permeability of capillaries.

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28
Q

host

A

Host- the organism in which a parasite lives.

29
Q

immune system

A

Immune system- a complex network of cells, tissues and organs in the body that detect differences between self-molecules and foreign (non-self) organisms and mounts an immune response that results in the formation of memory lymphocytes.

30
Q

immune tolerance

A

Immune tolerance- tolerance of the presence of an antigen by the immune system so it does not mount an immune response to the antigen.

31
Q

infectious disease

A

Infectious disease- a disorder caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and other organisms, that can often be transmitted to other members of a population.

32
Q

inflammation

A

Inflammation- an innate response to infection or damage that causes pain, swelling, heat and redness

33
Q

innate immune response

A

Innate immune response- a response to a pathogen that is not specific to the antigen, only that it as been identified being non-self; the response does not generate antibodies or memory lymphocytes.

34
Q

interferon

A

Interferon- a type of cytokine produced by the cells of the immune system in response to challenges by foreign agents such as viruses, bacteria, parasites and tumour cells.

35
Q

keratin

A

Keratin- the tough, fibrous protein of the outer epidermis layer

36
Q

leukocyte

A

Leukocyte- the general term for a white blood cell

37
Q

lymphocyte

A

Lymphocyte- a type of leukocyte involved in adaptive immune response

38
Q

lysis

A

Lysis- the process of a cell bursting

39
Q

lysozyme

A

Lysozyme- an antibacterial enzyme found in tears, saliva and other body fluids.

40
Q

macrophage

A

Macrophage- a large white blood cell that phagocytoses pathogens; originates as monocytes in circulation.

41
Q

mast cell

A

Mast cell- a cell that is located in the tissues and releases granules containing histamines when activated.

42
Q

microbiome

A

Microbiome- the bacteria, viruses and fungi that live in the gut plus their released metabolites and nucleic acids that exist in a specific environment.

43
Q

microbiota

A

Microbiota- a community of microorganism, including fungi and bacteria, that live in or on another organism.

44
Q

monocyte

A

Monocyte- a WBC that circulates in the blood and matures into a macrophage when it moves from the blood into the tissues.

45
Q

mucous membrane

A

Mucous membrane- a mucus-secreting membrane that lines the respiratory, excretory and reproductive tracts

46
Q

natural killer cell

A

Natural Killer Cell- a circulating leukocyte that kills body cells infected with a virus or transformed by cancer.

47
Q

necrosis

A

Necrosis- cell death that results from tissue damage or infection when the plasma membrane is breached; results in inflammation

48
Q

neutrophil

A

Neutrophil- a phagocytic leukocyte found in the blood and tissues.

49
Q

non-cellular pathogen

A

Non-cellular pathogen- a disease-causing pathogen that is not made of living cells; for example, viruses and prions.

50
Q

non-self antigen

A

Non-self antigen- a molecule that is not recognised by the immune system as being part of the organism itself.

51
Q

non-specific response

A

Non-specific response- a response that is the same regardless of the type of antigen.

52
Q

obligate parasite

A

Obligate parasite- a parasite that cannot complete its life cycle without a suitable host; without the host, the parasite cannot reproduce.

53
Q

opsonisation

A

Opsonisation- the process in which a pathogen is coated with antibodies and/or complement and marked for phagocytosis.

54
Q

pathogen

A

Pathogen- an organism foreign to the body and capable of causing disease.

55
Q

phagocyte

A

Phagocyte- a cell that is capable of phagocytosis; includes macrophages, dendritic cells and neutrophils.

56
Q

phagocytosis

A

Phagocytosis- a process by which phagocytes engulf a particle or cell.

57
Q

phagolysosome

A

Phagolysosome- a membrane-bound vesicle formed from the fusion of a phagosome and lysosome.

58
Q

phagosome

A

Phagosome- a membrane-bound vesicle formed around a particle during phagocytosis.

59
Q

platelet

A

Platelet- a cell fragment found in the blood involved in blood clotting.

60
Q

prion

A

Prion- an infectious protein that can cause other unaffected prion proteins in the brain to take the affected form, causing transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.

61
Q

protist

A

Protist- a unicellular eukaryotic organism

62
Q

second line of defense

A

Second line of defence- non-specific immune responses including fever and inflammation

63
Q

secondary metabolite

A

Secondary metabolite- an organic compound produced by bacteria, fungi or plants; its role is to sustain functional and homeostatic health of cells within organs by assisting cells to excrete wastes and toxic substances.

64
Q

self-antigen

A

Self-antigen- an antigen or a molecule that is a normal body component.

65
Q

sensitisation

A

Sensitisation- initial exposure to an allergen resulting in an adaptive immune response that generates IgE.

66
Q

sterile inflammation

A

Sterile inflammation- inflammation resulting from the detection of damage- or danger-associated molecular patterns released during tissue injury in the absence of infection.

67
Q

transmitted

A

Transmitted- when an infection is passed from one person or organism to another.

68
Q

vasodilation

A

Vasodilation- widening of blood vessels, particularly arterioles.

69
Q

virus

A

Virus- an obligate intracellular pathogen that can use the host cells machinery to replicate itself; usually consists of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat

Biology 3/4 (22 decks)

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