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Biology 3/4 > chap 2- glossary > Flashcards

chap 2- glossary Flashcards

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1
Q

a-helix

A

a type of secondary protein structure in which the polypeptide chain folds into a tight coil

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2
Q

Allele

A

a different version of the same gene (at the same locus) determined by small differences in the DNA sequence of the gene

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3
Q

Alternative Splicing

A

a process in which one or more exons are removed with the introns to produce mRNA molecules of different length and sequence

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4
Q

Amino Acid

A

a nitrogen-containing compound that is the monomer from which proteins are built

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5
Q

Anticodon

A

the 3 nucleotides in tRNA that bind to the complementary codon in mRNA according to base-pairing rules, resulting in the addition of a specific amino acid to the polypeptide chain

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6
Q

Antiparallel

A

parallel but orientated in the opposite direction.

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7
Q

B-pleated sheet

A

a type of secondary protein structure in which segments of the polypeptide chain bond side by side into a flattened assembly

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8
Q

Base Pair

A

2 complementary nitrogen bases linked by hydrogen bonding

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9
Q

Biological Functionality

A

the function of a protein

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10
Q

Catalyse

A

to speed up a biochemical reaction using an enzyme

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11
Q

Chromosome

A

a thread-like structure made of nucleic acids and proteins that encode genetic information

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12
Q

Cisterna

A

a flattened membrane disc that makes up the Golgi apparatus and ER

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13
Q

Codon

A

a group of 3 nucleotides in mRNA that specifies an amino acid

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14
Q

Complementary Base Pairing

A

the linking together of complementary nitrogen bases by hydrogen bonding. A pairs with T (or U in RNA) and C pairs with G

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15
Q

Condensation Polymerisation

A

a reaction in which monomers are linked together into a polymer with the release of a small molecule, such as water, as a by-product

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16
Q

Conformation

A

the proper functional shape of a protein

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17
Q

Degenerate

A

a property of the genetic code in which most amino acids are encoded by two or more codons

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18
Q

Denature

A

to permanently change the molecular structure of a protein or DNA

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19
Q

DNA

A

the information molecule that is the basis of an organisms genetic material

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20
Q

DNA polymerase

A

the enzyme that catalyses the bonding of nucleotides to form new strands of DNA

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21
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

an organelle made up of a network of membranous tubules involved in protein synthesis and folding for secretion

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22
Q

Enzyme

A

a specific protein catalyst that increases the rate of a biochemical reaction within the cell by lowering the amount of energy required for the reaction to proceed

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23
Q

Exon

A

a segment of DNA or RNA containing information that codes for a polypeptide or part of a polypeptide

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24
Q

Functional Proteomics

A

the study of how proteins work together in different cells or tissues, or under different circumstances

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25
Q

Gene

A

a segment of DNA in a chromosome that codes for a polypeptide, comprises the promoter, exons and introns

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26
Q

Gene expression

A

the process by which the information in a gene is turned into a polypeptide

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27
Q

Gene regulation

A

the process by which gene expression is switched on or off

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28
Q

Genetic Code

A

the complete set of mRNA codons and he corresponding amino acids they specify

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29
Q

Genome

A

the complete sequence of DNA in a single (haploid) mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA

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30
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

a collection of membranes that package and store substances into vesicles in preparation for their release from the cell

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31
Q

Histone

A

a protein that binds and packages DNA in eukaryotic chromosomes

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32
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

a weak chemical bond between a hydrogen atom on one molecule and a more electronegative element, usually an oxygen or nitrogen atom, or another molecule

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33
Q

Hydrophillic

A

describes the substances such as polar molecules and ionic compounds that dissolve readily in water

34
Q

Hydrophobic

A

describes substances such as non-polar molecules that are insoluble in water

35
Q

Inducer

A

a signaling molecule that switches on expression of a gene

36
Q

Intron

A

a segment of DNA within a gene or pre-mRNA that conveys the instructions needed for polypeptide synthesis from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

37
Q

mRNA

A

RNA copied from DNA that conveys the instructions needed for polypeptide synthesis from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

38
Q

Non-coding region

A

DNA that does not encode a protein sequence

39
Q

Non-template strand

A

the DNA strand that has the same sequence of nucleotides as the mRNA (except that it has a T instead of U)

40
Q

Nucleic Acid

A

a large, linear polymer built from nucleotide monomers bonded together; includes DNA and RNA

41
Q

Operator

A

a segment of DNA to which a protein binds, usually to switch off gene expression.

42
Q

Operon

A

a group of genes that are expressed as a single unit

43
Q

Peptide Bond

A

a chemical bond that links two amino acids in a chain

44
Q

Phosphodiester Bond

A

a chemical bond that links 2 nucleotides in a growing chain

45
Q

Plasmid

A

a small, circular DNA structure independent of the chromosome in prokaryotic cells

46
Q

Poly-A-Tail

A

a chain of 100-200 adenine nucleotides added at the 3’ end of an mRNA strand

47
Q

Polypeptide

A

a linear polymer built from amino acid monomers

48
Q

Polyribosome

A

a chain of ribosomes formed by attaching and translating from a single mRNA strand

49
Q

Pre-mRNA

A

an unprocessed RNA strand that is transcribed directly from the DNA

50
Q

Primary Structure

A

the linear sequence of amino acids that makes up a polypeptide chain

51
Q

product

A

the outputs of a chemical reaction that are formed from the reactants or inputs

52
Q

Promoter Region

A

a segment of DNA to which RNA polymerase binds to begin transcription

53
Q

protein

A

a polymer made up of amino acid monomers; may consist of a single polymer chain or many polymers bonded together into a functional molecule

54
Q

Protein Secretory Pathway

A

the pathway through which cells package proteins into vesicles for release into the extracellular environment

55
Q

Proteome

A

the complete set of proteins produced by a cell, a tissue or organism

56
Q

Proteomics

A

the study of proteomes

57
Q

Quaternary Structure

A

the structure formed when 2 or more polypeptides associate into a mature protein

58
Q

Random Coil

A

a secondary protein structure in which the polypeptide chain does not fold into a specified arrangement

59
Q

Regulatory Gene

A

a gene whose product switches on or switches off expression of one or more other genes

60
Q

Repressor Protein

A

a protein that binds DNA to prevent RNA polymerase attaching or transcribing; essentially shuts off gene expression

61
Q

RNA

A

a type of nucleic acid consisting of a single strand of nucleotides, has essential roles in protein synthesis

62
Q

rRNA

A

an RNA strand that serves as a structural component of a ribosome.

63
Q

Ribosome

A

a small structure consisting of RNA and proteins where amino acids are joined to form polypeptides

64
Q

RNA polymerase

A

the enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of RNA

65
Q

Rough ER

A

ER with ribosomes attached

66
Q

Secondary Structure

A

the localised folding of a polypeptide chain when neighbouring amino acids bond to each other to form a-helices, B-pleated sheets or random loops

67
Q

Semi-conservative Replication

A

the replication of DNA in which the product contains on original and one newly made strand

68
Q

Structural Gene

A

the replication of DNA in which the product contains on original and one newly made strand.

69
Q

Substrate

A

the substance that an enzyme acts on

70
Q

Subunit

A

a distinct component of a biological particle; in proteins, it refers to each polypeptide that contributes to the quaternary structure

71
Q

Template

A

a pattern that can be used for making many more copies

72
Q

Template Strand

A

a strand of DNA that is copied during DNA or RNA synthesis

73
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

the overall 3D shape of a completely folded polypeptide

74
Q

Transcribe

A

to copy DNA into mRNA

75
Q

Transcription

A

the process by which DNA is copied into mRNA

76
Q

Transcription Factor

A

a protein that binds to DNA to control the rate of transcription from a gene

77
Q

tRNA

A

an RNA molecule that transports an amino acid to the ribosome for assembly into a polypeptide

78
Q

Translation

A

the process of turning the nucleotide sequence of mRNA into the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

79
Q

Transport Vesicle

A

a small membrane-bound sac containing protein that is transported from the Golgi to the plasma membrane into the extracellular environment

80
Q

Triplet

A

a set of 3 nucleotide codes

Biology 3/4 (22 decks)

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