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Biology 3/4 > chap 10- changes in species over time > Flashcards

chap 10- changes in species over time Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a fossil

A

any evidence of life from the past

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2
Q

what are the two types of fossil

A

body fossils and trace fossils

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3
Q

what are body fossils

A

made from whole or part of an organism

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4
Q

what are trace fossils

A

rocks that have preserved evidence of biological activity of organisms.

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5
Q

when are fossils likely to form in animals

A

-when they have hard bones
-when they live near water sources where sediments can be easily deposited on them.
- animals that are rapidly buried
- animals with low chance of disturbance, low oxygen levels and low temp

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6
Q

what are mass extinctions

A

a collection of fossil animals and plants in a stratum layer giving way abruptly to a completely different collection of fossils in the next stratum due to substantial changes in global environmental conditions.
these sudden changes in global environmental conditions meant that the habitat was no longer suitable for some organisms and they were wiped out

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7
Q

what are index fossils

A

fossils that are representative of a specific geological time.

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8
Q

what are index fossils used for

A

dating and correlating the strata in which it is found

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9
Q

what are transitional fossils

A

fossils that bear features of both an older ancestral life form and a younger descendant.

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10
Q

what do transitional fossils provide evidence for

A

evolution (can show how a species may have been able to adapt to new conditions)

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11
Q

what is relative dating

A

looking at the ordering of rock layers and index fossils to determine the relative age of a fossil

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12
Q

what is relative age

A

the age of an object compared to the age of another object. does not provide exact age of an object

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13
Q

what is absolute dating

A

assigns a numerical age in years to a fossil or rock

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14
Q

what is the most common form of absolute dating

A

radiometric dating

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15
Q

what is radiometric dating

A

based on predictable rates of decay of naturally occuring radioactive isotopes rock or fossil (carbon/potassium/uranium) present in a fossil

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16
Q

what are the 3 isotopes of carbon

A

carbon-12, carbon-13, carbon-14

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17
Q

what is the half-life of carbon

A

5730 years

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18
Q

when is carbon-14 radiometric dating thought to be accurate up until

A

60,000 years

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19
Q

what is evolution

A

the change in the genetic composition of a population over time

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20
Q

what are mutations

A

a permanent change in a genetic sequence which can either have a beneficial effect, no effect or a harmful effect on the survival ability of an individual

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21
Q

what are selection pressures

A

external agents which contribute to selection of variants in alleles that can affect an organisms ability to survive in a given environment

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22
Q

what is a fragmented population

A

organisms in a population being separated from other groups of the same species

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23
Q

what are isolating mechanisms

A

refer to the ways in which groups of organisms can become separated for long enough to develop into different species.

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24
Q

what is speciation

A

formation of a new species

25
Q

wat is allopatric speciation

A

divergent evolution of two new species from an ancestral species resulting from separation by a geographical barrier

26
Q

what is sympatric speciation

A

when two species evolve from an ancestral population while still inhabiting the same geographical area

27
Q

what is divergence

A

a pattern of evolution where groups of organisms become so different from each other that a new species forms

28
Q

when does divergent evolution occur

A

when groups from the same species become isolated and different selection pressures work on each isolated population

29
Q

what is adaptive radiation

A

a pattern of divergent evolution in which organisms rapidly diversify into many new forms

30
Q

when does convergent evolution occur

A

when unrelated organisms evolve similar structures or adaptations to perform a similar function in response to the same selection pressures

31
Q

what is a species

A

a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring

32
Q

what is a subspecies

A

is a population within a species that show genetic differences across a geographic range. May still be able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring

33
Q

what are prezygotic isolation mechanisms

A

1- temporal isolation
2- geographical isolation
3- behavioural isolation
4- sturctural/morphological isolation
5- gamete mortality
6- ecological isolation

34
Q

what is a hybrid

A

resultant offspring when sperm of one species fertilises an egg of another species and a zygote forms. generally infertile

35
Q

what is allopatric speciation

A

the evolution of a new species that occurs when populations become geographically separated.
causes environmental selection pressures to change the allele frequencies of the two sub populations

36
Q

when does sympatric speciation occur

A

when two species evolve from an ancestral population while still inhabiting the same geographical area. there is no geographic isolation, but gene flow is restricted in some other way causing reproductive isolation

37
Q

what is taxonomy

A

a naming system that categorises organisms based on hypotheses about evolutionary relationships

38
Q

what is structural morphology

A

comparing the development and anatomy of organisms can provide evidence that organisms evolved from a common ancestor

39
Q

how do homologous structures show evolution

A

homologous structures evolves from the same ancestral for but have different forms or functions due to different selection pressures

40
Q

what are vestigial structures

A

a structure found in organisms that has lost most, if not all of its original function in the course of evolution

41
Q

what does molecular homology refer to

A

the similarity of patterns in the nucleotide sequences of polypeptides from different organisms as evidence for a common evolutionary origin.

42
Q

how can mutations in nucleotide sequences be evidence for evolution

A

mutations accumulate throughout the genome over time. the more mutations that accumulate in the DNA sequences between two species, the more time will have passed since the two species diverged from their common ancestor

43
Q

what is phylogeny

A

the hypothesized evolutionary relationship that exists between species

44
Q

what are phylogenetic trees

A

are graphical summary of a proposed phylogeny that are represented as branching diagrams to show the evolutionary relationships between species

45
Q

what is a taxon

A

a term used to represent a group of organisms at any hierarchial rank

46
Q

what does the root represent

A

the ancestral lineage that gave rise to all of the organisms depicted in the tree.

47
Q

what does the node represent

A

the last common ancestor of the organisms whose lineages emerge from it

48
Q

what is a sister taxa

A

represents pairs of taxa that are grouped together and are the most closely related taxa on the tree

49
Q

what is polytomy

A

nodes that have more than two branches coming off them

50
Q

when does polytomy occur

A

when either there isnt enough info to distinguish the order of evolution accurately or when rapid speciation has occured after adaptive radiation in a new environment

51
Q

what is an outgroup

A

a distantly related taxon to the group of interest which stems from the base of the phylogenetic tree

52
Q

what does an outgroup contain

A

organisms that have the least in common with the rest of the organisms present in the phylogenetic tree

53
Q

what do phylogenetic trees imply

A

a passage of time where most ancient lineages branch near the base of the tree and the most recently derived ones branch closer to the tips

54
Q

what does a cladogram represent

A

a hypothesis for the evolutionary history leading to the descendant species

55
Q

what are cladograms characterised by

A

clades

56
Q

what are clades

A

a branch that includes a single common ancestor and all of its descendents

57
Q

what is a phylogram

A

a scaled or quantified version of the phylogenetic tree. the branch lengths are proportional to the amount of inferred evolutionary change or the number of nuceoltide changes that have occured during the evolution of the lineage

58
Q

what is DNA hybridisation

A

technique that can be used to deyermine the level of similarity between setions of DNA of two species

59
Q

what does DNA hybridisation involve

A

the heating of DNA from 2 organisms so that they become single stranded and mixing them to allow the complementary strands of the two organisms to bond when cooled

Biology 3/4 (22 decks)

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