chap 5- glossary

Question 1

Acetyl CoA

Answer 1

Acetyl CoA- a molecule used to convey carbon atoms to the Krebs Cycle.

Question 2

Aerobe

Answer 2

Aerobe- an organism that requires oxygen to survive and reproduce.

Question 3

alcoholic fermentation

Answer 3

Alcoholic Fermentation- a form of anaerobic respiration (no oxygen present); glucose is converted to ethanol, a type of alcohol.

Question 4

anaerobe

Answer 4

Anaerobe- an organism that does not require oxygen to survive and reproduce.

Question 5

autotroph

Answer 5

Autotroph- an organism that makes its own food from inorganic substances, using light (through photosynthesis) or chemical energy (through chemosynthesis); includes green plants, algae and certain bacteria.

Question 6

biofuel

Answer 6

Biofuel- a fuel that has used biomass as its original source.

Question 7

biomass

Answer 7

Biomass- the total dry weight of organic material.

Question 8

C3 plant

Answer 8

C3 plant- a plant that directly uses CO2 as an input for photosynthesis.

Question 9

CAM plant

Answer 9

CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism) plant- a plant that shuts its stomata during the day and fixes carbon during the night when its stomata are open; an adaptation to hot dry environments.

Question 10

Carbon fixation

Answer 10

Carbon Fixation- the conversion of atmospheric carbon dioxide into carbohydrates in the stroma of chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells.

Question 11

chemoautotroph

Answer 11

Chemoautotroph- an organism that makes its own food from inorganic substances, using chemicals as the primary energy source.

Question 12

cristae

Answer 12

Cristae- the folding of the inner mitochondrial membrane into the matrix, thus increasing the total surface area of the inner membrane.

Question 13

cytochrome

Answer 13

Cytochrome- a family of membrane-bound proteins that carry out electron transport; located in the mitochondrial inner membrane and in chloroplast thylakoid membrane.

Question 14

grana

Answer 14

Grana- the stack of thylakoid membranes in a chloroplast that contain chlorophyll.

Question 15

heterotroph

Answer 15

Heterotroph- an organism that cannot make its own organic compounds from simple inorganic material; it depends on other organisms for nutrients and energy requirements.

Question 16

krebs cycle

Answer 16

Krebs Cycle- a biochemical pathway that requires oxygen and takes place in the mitochondria as part of cellular respiration; acetyl CoA, the product of glycolysis, is broken down to produce carbon dioxide, water and energy in the form of ATP.

Question 17

lactic acid fermentation

Answer 17

Lactic acid fermentation- a form of anaerobic respiration (no oxygen present) that occurs in animal cells and some anaerobic bacteria; glucose is converted to lactic acid.

Question 18

light-dependent stage

Answer 18

Light-dependent stage- the first stage of photosynthesis; it requires light energy that is absorbed by chlorophyll to split water molecules to produce oxygen, hydrogen ions and ATP.

Question 19

light independent stage

Answer 19

Light-independent stage- the second stage of photosynthesis, through a series of reactions, carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions and ATP produce carbohydrate.

Question 20

limiting factor

Answer 20

Limiting factor- the factor that limits the rate of a reaction.

Question 21

matrix

Answer 21

Matrix- a gel-like fluid in mitochondria where the Krebs Cycle (citric acid cycle) of cellular respiration takes place.

Question 22

mitochondrion

Answer 22

Mitochondrion- an organelle within the cytoplasm that is the site of aerobic cellular respiration, which releases energy for the cell.

Question 23

photoautotroph

Answer 23

Photoautotroph- an organism that makes its own food from inorganic substances, using light as its primary energy source.

Question 24

photorespiration

Answer 24

Photorespiration- the process in which plants take up oxygen and release carbon dioxide.

Question 25

pigment

Answer 25

Pigment- a molecule that absorbs certain wavelengths of light and reflects all others.

Question 26

pyruvate

Answer 26

Pyruvate- a three-carbon molecule that is the end product of glycolysis.

Question 27

stroma

Answer 27

Stroma- the jelly-like, semifluid interior of a chloroplast.

Question 28

thylakoid membrane

Answer 28

Thylakoid membrane- the interconnected, folded membrane within a chloroplast.