chap 5- glossary Flashcards

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1
Q

Acetyl CoA

A

Acetyl CoA- a molecule used to convey carbon atoms to the Krebs Cycle.

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2
Q

Aerobe

A

Aerobe- an organism that requires oxygen to survive and reproduce.

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3
Q

alcoholic fermentation

A

Alcoholic Fermentation- a form of anaerobic respiration (no oxygen present); glucose is converted to ethanol, a type of alcohol.

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4
Q

anaerobe

A

Anaerobe- an organism that does not require oxygen to survive and reproduce.

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5
Q

autotroph

A

Autotroph- an organism that makes its own food from inorganic substances, using light (through photosynthesis) or chemical energy (through chemosynthesis); includes green plants, algae and certain bacteria.

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6
Q

biofuel

A

Biofuel- a fuel that has used biomass as its original source.

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7
Q

biomass

A

Biomass- the total dry weight of organic material.

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8
Q

C3 plant

A

C3 plant- a plant that directly uses CO2 as an input for photosynthesis.

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9
Q

CAM plant

A

CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism) plant- a plant that shuts its stomata during the day and fixes carbon during the night when its stomata are open; an adaptation to hot dry environments.

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10
Q

Carbon fixation

A

Carbon Fixation- the conversion of atmospheric carbon dioxide into carbohydrates in the stroma of chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells.

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11
Q

chemoautotroph

A

Chemoautotroph- an organism that makes its own food from inorganic substances, using chemicals as the primary energy source.

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12
Q

cristae

A

Cristae- the folding of the inner mitochondrial membrane into the matrix, thus increasing the total surface area of the inner membrane.

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13
Q

cytochrome

A

Cytochrome- a family of membrane-bound proteins that carry out electron transport; located in the mitochondrial inner membrane and in chloroplast thylakoid membrane.

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14
Q

grana

A

Grana- the stack of thylakoid membranes in a chloroplast that contain chlorophyll.

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15
Q

heterotroph

A

Heterotroph- an organism that cannot make its own organic compounds from simple inorganic material; it depends on other organisms for nutrients and energy requirements.

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16
Q

krebs cycle

A

Krebs Cycle- a biochemical pathway that requires oxygen and takes place in the mitochondria as part of cellular respiration; acetyl CoA, the product of glycolysis, is broken down to produce carbon dioxide, water and energy in the form of ATP.

17
Q

lactic acid fermentation

A

Lactic acid fermentation- a form of anaerobic respiration (no oxygen present) that occurs in animal cells and some anaerobic bacteria; glucose is converted to lactic acid.

18
Q

light-dependent stage

A

Light-dependent stage- the first stage of photosynthesis; it requires light energy that is absorbed by chlorophyll to split water molecules to produce oxygen, hydrogen ions and ATP.

19
Q

light independent stage

A

Light-independent stage- the second stage of photosynthesis, through a series of reactions, carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions and ATP produce carbohydrate.

20
Q

limiting factor

A

Limiting factor- the factor that limits the rate of a reaction.

21
Q

matrix

A

Matrix- a gel-like fluid in mitochondria where the Krebs Cycle (citric acid cycle) of cellular respiration takes place.

22
Q

mitochondrion

A

Mitochondrion- an organelle within the cytoplasm that is the site of aerobic cellular respiration, which releases energy for the cell.

23
Q

photoautotroph

A

Photoautotroph- an organism that makes its own food from inorganic substances, using light as its primary energy source.

24
Q

photorespiration

A

Photorespiration- the process in which plants take up oxygen and release carbon dioxide.

25
Q

pigment

A

Pigment- a molecule that absorbs certain wavelengths of light and reflects all others.

26
Q

pyruvate

A

Pyruvate- a three-carbon molecule that is the end product of glycolysis.

27
Q

stroma

A

Stroma- the jelly-like, semifluid interior of a chloroplast.

28
Q

thylakoid membrane

A

Thylakoid membrane- the interconnected, folded membrane within a chloroplast.