chap 5- glossary Flashcards
Acetyl CoA
Acetyl CoA- a molecule used to convey carbon atoms to the Krebs Cycle.
Aerobe
Aerobe- an organism that requires oxygen to survive and reproduce.
alcoholic fermentation
Alcoholic Fermentation- a form of anaerobic respiration (no oxygen present); glucose is converted to ethanol, a type of alcohol.
anaerobe
Anaerobe- an organism that does not require oxygen to survive and reproduce.
autotroph
Autotroph- an organism that makes its own food from inorganic substances, using light (through photosynthesis) or chemical energy (through chemosynthesis); includes green plants, algae and certain bacteria.
biofuel
Biofuel- a fuel that has used biomass as its original source.
biomass
Biomass- the total dry weight of organic material.
C3 plant
C3 plant- a plant that directly uses CO2 as an input for photosynthesis.
CAM plant
CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism) plant- a plant that shuts its stomata during the day and fixes carbon during the night when its stomata are open; an adaptation to hot dry environments.
Carbon fixation
Carbon Fixation- the conversion of atmospheric carbon dioxide into carbohydrates in the stroma of chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells.
chemoautotroph
Chemoautotroph- an organism that makes its own food from inorganic substances, using chemicals as the primary energy source.
cristae
Cristae- the folding of the inner mitochondrial membrane into the matrix, thus increasing the total surface area of the inner membrane.
cytochrome
Cytochrome- a family of membrane-bound proteins that carry out electron transport; located in the mitochondrial inner membrane and in chloroplast thylakoid membrane.
grana
Grana- the stack of thylakoid membranes in a chloroplast that contain chlorophyll.
heterotroph
Heterotroph- an organism that cannot make its own organic compounds from simple inorganic material; it depends on other organisms for nutrients and energy requirements.
krebs cycle
Krebs Cycle- a biochemical pathway that requires oxygen and takes place in the mitochondria as part of cellular respiration; acetyl CoA, the product of glycolysis, is broken down to produce carbon dioxide, water and energy in the form of ATP.
lactic acid fermentation
Lactic acid fermentation- a form of anaerobic respiration (no oxygen present) that occurs in animal cells and some anaerobic bacteria; glucose is converted to lactic acid.
light-dependent stage
Light-dependent stage- the first stage of photosynthesis; it requires light energy that is absorbed by chlorophyll to split water molecules to produce oxygen, hydrogen ions and ATP.
light independent stage
Light-independent stage- the second stage of photosynthesis, through a series of reactions, carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions and ATP produce carbohydrate.
limiting factor
Limiting factor- the factor that limits the rate of a reaction.
matrix
Matrix- a gel-like fluid in mitochondria where the Krebs Cycle (citric acid cycle) of cellular respiration takes place.
mitochondrion
Mitochondrion- an organelle within the cytoplasm that is the site of aerobic cellular respiration, which releases energy for the cell.
photoautotroph
Photoautotroph- an organism that makes its own food from inorganic substances, using light as its primary energy source.
photorespiration
Photorespiration- the process in which plants take up oxygen and release carbon dioxide.
pigment
Pigment- a molecule that absorbs certain wavelengths of light and reflects all others.
pyruvate
Pyruvate- a three-carbon molecule that is the end product of glycolysis.
stroma
Stroma- the jelly-like, semifluid interior of a chloroplast.
thylakoid membrane
Thylakoid membrane- the interconnected, folded membrane within a chloroplast.
