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Emergency care 13th edition > Chap 7 > Flashcards

Chap 7 Flashcards

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Royal College: Emergency Medicine flashcards
1
Q

Albumin

A

Water retaining proteins. Usually from liver failure and results in low blood volume

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2
Q

What’s low red blood cell or low hemoglobin count?

A

Anemia

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3
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Located in the cell. Plays a key role in synthesizing proteins

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4
Q

Cell membrane

A

protects and selectively allows water and other substances into and out of the call

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5
Q

sepsis

A

severe systemic infections

-can cause vasodilation

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6
Q

Air contains what gases and their percentages

A

Nitrogen 79%

Oxygen 21%

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7
Q

Edema

A

Excess fluid trapped in soft tissue causes swelling, most noticeably occurs in the hands, ankles, and feet

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8
Q

Anaerobic metabolism

A

The cellular process in which glucose is metabolized into energy without oxygen. Energy is produced in an inefficient manner with many waste products

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9
Q

3 types of blood vessel dysfunctions

A

Loss of tone
-blood vessels inability to control their diameter

Excessive permeability

 - Capillaries leak fluid out of their walls
 - Caused by sever sepsis, high altitude, and certain diseases

Hypertension
-Increased systemic vascular resistance (SVR) to unsafe high pressure levels

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10
Q

Cell Nucleus

A

Contains DNA

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11
Q

Cardiogenic Shock

A

-Heart fails in its ability to pump blood
-Mechanical or electrical problems
heart can no longer maintain the pressure in the cardiovascular system and blood fails to be pumped to the cells

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12
Q

diaphoresis

A

cool, pale, and moist/ sweaty skin; sweating

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13
Q

Electrolyte

A

a substance that, when dissolved in water, separates into charged particles. The movement of theses charged particles enable the electrical function of cells such as nerve transmission and cardiac muscle depolarization.

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14
Q

Hypoxia

A

Low oxygen levels

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15
Q

Cardiac output

A

The amount of blood ejected from the heart in one minute (heart rate x stroke volume= cardiac output)

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16
Q

Hypo perfusion

A

inability of the body to adequately circulate blood to the body’s cells to supply them with oxygen and nutrients. A life-threatening condition also known as shock

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17
Q

Types of blood dysfunctions

A
  • Blood volume loss- causes inability to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide and dehydration
  • Anemia- decrease of red blood cell count
  • Liver failure- body can’t create water retaining proteins(Albumin) causing decrease in blood volume
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18
Q

Edema

A

Swelling associated with the movement of water into the interstitial space

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19
Q

COHD

A

Cardiogenic Shock
Obstructive Shock
Hypovolemic Shock
Distributive Shock

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20
Q

Perfusion

A

the supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries

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21
Q

chemoreceptors

A

chemical sensors in the brain and blood vessels that identify changing levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide

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22
Q

Heart dysfunctions 2 types

A

Mechanical problems
-physical trauma(bullet holes, stab wounds), squeezing forces, or loss of cardiac muscle function from cell death (heart attack)

Electrical problems
-damage to electrical system from heart attacks or heart failure

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23
Q

Minute volume

A

the amount of air breathed in during each respiration multiplied by the number of breaths per minute
-(Tidal volume) x (breaths per minute)= minute volume

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24
Q

dead air space

A

Air that occupies the space between the mouth and the alveoli but that does not actually reach the area of gas exchange
-Approx- 150ml

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25
Q

Interstitial water %

A

25%

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26
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

shock absorbing fluid in spine

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27
Q

Intravascular water %

A

5%

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28
Q

tidal volume

A

volume of air moved in one in and out cycle of breathing

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29
Q

Metabolism

A

Glucose is broken down inside the cell and combined with oxygen to create energy (ATP)that is used to perform cellular functions

30
Q

Systemic vascular resistance (SVR)

A

pressure inside the vessels that the heart has to pump against. Chronic smoking, certain drugs such as cocaine, even genetics can cause an abnormal constriction of the peripheral blood vessels

31
Q

Basic shock treatment

A

lay down
keep warm
keep airway open

32
Q

Different Disruptions of fluid balance

A
  1. Fluid balance
    • Dehydration
  2. Poor fluid distribution
    • To much water in the system and causes leaking
    • loss of proteins in the blood from liver failure and the changes in capillary membrane permeability
    • Edema is swelling associated with the movement of water
33
Q

Hypersensitivity (allergic reaction)

A
  • Exaggerated immune response
  • Immune system in response to specific substances, release chemical toxins that cause more reaction than necessary
  • Cumulative reaction after enough exposures
34
Q

Endocrine system dysfunction

A
  1. Too many hormones
  2. Not enough hormones

Dysfunctions of the endocrine system are primarily the result of organ or gland problems typically present at birth or the result of illness

35
Q

Stretch receptors

A

sensors in blood vessels that identify internal pressure and in turn sends signal to the nervous system to adjust vessel constriction

36
Q

permeability of cells

A

ability to effectively transfer fluids, electrolytes, and other substances in and out of the cell

37
Q

Essential functions of the cell rely on what

A

water, glucose and oxygen

38
Q

Obstructive Shock

A
  • Blood is physically prevented from flowing

- large quantities of blood are prevented from reaching essential organs and vital areas

39
Q

Hypersensitivity

A

an exaggerated response by the immune system to a particular substance

40
Q

Anaphylactic reaction

A

Abnormally exaggerated response to infection or invasion by a foreign substance

41
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

part of brain that controls respirations

-Any event impacting function of the medulla oblongata EX. infection, drugs, toxins, trauma

42
Q

FiO2

A

Fraction of inspired oxygen; the concentration of oxygen in the air we breath

43
Q

Digestive dysfunction

A
  1. Gastrointestinal bleeding
  2. Vomiting and diarrhea
    • Also signs of acute myocardial infarction (heart attack) and even certain strokes and brain injuries
44
Q

Hypoglycemic

A

Low blood sugar (diabetic)

45
Q

What can happen when Hydrostatic pressure and plasma oncotic pressure falls out of balance

A

Water freely leaves the bloodstream and accumulates around the body’s cell and even in cavities, leading to dehydration of the blood and edema (swelling) in the patient as fluid accumulates out-side the bloodstream

46
Q

Sodium potassium pump

A

Using ATP, it moves ions back and forth across the cell membrane. This movement of ions is responsible for generating and electrical charge to cause depolarization, which is the stimulus for muscle contraction.

47
Q

Plasma oncotic pressure

A

the pull exerted by large proteins in the plasma portion of the blood that tends to pull water from the body into the bloodstream. opposite pressure of hydrostatic pressure

48
Q

Patent

A

open and clear airway; free from obstruction

49
Q

Intracellular water %

A

70%

50
Q

Nervous system dysfunctions

A

Trauma
-damage to brain or spinal cord
Medical dysfunction
- medical problems both acute and chronic
-Strokes, meningitis, encephalitis, Lou Gehrig’s, multiple sclerosis, hypoglycemia.

Signs
-Altered mental status, seizures, inability/ difficulty to speak, visual or hearing disturbances, inability/ difficulty to walk, paralysis, weakness, loss of sensation, and pupil changes

51
Q

Dehydration

A

An abnormally low amount of water in the body

52
Q

process of diffusion

A

oxygen moves across the thin membrane from the alveoli to the capillaries

53
Q

Important electrolytes

A

potassium, sodium, and magnesium

54
Q

stroke volume and 3 factors

A

the amount of blood ejected from the heart in one contraction. Average is 70ml
Preload- how much blood is returned to the heart prior to contraction
Contractility- force of contraction
Afterload- systemic vascular resistance

55
Q

Hypercapnia

A

High carbon dioxide levels

56
Q

Shock signs

A
  • low blood pressure
  • high pulse
  • (diaphoresis) cold, clammy, and pale
  • increase respiratory rate
  • delayed capillary refill time
  • Slight mental change
57
Q

Meninges

A

several protective layers that protect the spine

58
Q

How much water makes up the body?

A

60%

59
Q

What’s the 3 Respiratory dysfunctions?

A
  1. Disruption of the respiratory Control
    • Disruption of the medulla oblongata
  2. Disruption of pressure
    • Disruption of the negative pressure in the thoracic cavity that allows for breathing
  3. Disruption of lung tissue
    • trauma or disease that destroys or disrupts efficiency
60
Q

Aerobic metabolism

A

The cellular process in which oxygen is used to metabolize glucose. Energy is produced in an efficient manner with minimal waster products

61
Q

Mitochondria

A

Largely produces energy for the cell by conversion of glucose and other nutrients into energy in the form of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)

62
Q

insulin

A

helps move glucose from the blood into the cells.

-Made in the pancreas

63
Q

Hemoglobin’s

A

oxygen carrying molecules in the cells. Hemoglobin’s attractions to oxygen is diminished in acidotic (lactic acid) states

64
Q

systemic vascular resistance (SVR)

A

the pressure in the peripheral blood vessels that the heart must overcome to pump blood into the system

65
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

the pressure created inside the vessels when the heart beats that tends to push water out of the vessel. Counter acts plasma oncotic pressure.

66
Q

Graves’ disease

A

Thyroid glands over production of hormones. Difficulties to regulate temperature and fast heart rate

67
Q

Hypovolemic Shock

A
  • low blood volume, occurs when blood is lost from the cardiovascular system or volume portion of blood is lost due to dehydration
  • Heart has a hard time pumping blood to all the regions of the body and cells become hypo perfused
68
Q

Distributive Shock

A
  • Blood vessel tone is lost
  • anaphylaxis or sepsis cause vessels to dilate and as a result, pressure within the system is reduced
  • blood cannot be pumped efficiently and blood flow to the cells is diminished
69
Q

Pathophysiology

A

the study of how disease processes affect the function of the body

70
Q

Shock

A
  • hypo perfusion

- shock causes the body to rapidly adjust and attempt to compensate for the hypo perfusion

71
Q

V/Q match

A

ventilation/ perfusion match. This implies that the alveoli are supplied with enough air and that the air in the alveoli is matched with sufficient blood in the pulmonary capillaries to permit optimum exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Emergency care 13th edition (32 decks)

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