Chap 7 Flashcards
Albumin
Water retaining proteins. Usually from liver failure and results in low blood volume
What’s low red blood cell or low hemoglobin count?
Anemia
Endoplasmic reticulum
Located in the cell. Plays a key role in synthesizing proteins
Cell membrane
protects and selectively allows water and other substances into and out of the call
sepsis
severe systemic infections
-can cause vasodilation
Air contains what gases and their percentages
Nitrogen 79%
Oxygen 21%
Edema
Excess fluid trapped in soft tissue causes swelling, most noticeably occurs in the hands, ankles, and feet
Anaerobic metabolism
The cellular process in which glucose is metabolized into energy without oxygen. Energy is produced in an inefficient manner with many waste products
3 types of blood vessel dysfunctions
Loss of tone
-blood vessels inability to control their diameter
Excessive permeability
- Capillaries leak fluid out of their walls - Caused by sever sepsis, high altitude, and certain diseases
Hypertension
-Increased systemic vascular resistance (SVR) to unsafe high pressure levels
Cell Nucleus
Contains DNA
Cardiogenic Shock
-Heart fails in its ability to pump blood
-Mechanical or electrical problems
heart can no longer maintain the pressure in the cardiovascular system and blood fails to be pumped to the cells
diaphoresis
cool, pale, and moist/ sweaty skin; sweating
Electrolyte
a substance that, when dissolved in water, separates into charged particles. The movement of theses charged particles enable the electrical function of cells such as nerve transmission and cardiac muscle depolarization.
Hypoxia
Low oxygen levels
Cardiac output
The amount of blood ejected from the heart in one minute (heart rate x stroke volume= cardiac output)
Hypo perfusion
inability of the body to adequately circulate blood to the body’s cells to supply them with oxygen and nutrients. A life-threatening condition also known as shock
Types of blood dysfunctions
- Blood volume loss- causes inability to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide and dehydration
- Anemia- decrease of red blood cell count
- Liver failure- body can’t create water retaining proteins(Albumin) causing decrease in blood volume
Edema
Swelling associated with the movement of water into the interstitial space
COHD
Cardiogenic Shock
Obstructive Shock
Hypovolemic Shock
Distributive Shock
Perfusion
the supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries
chemoreceptors
chemical sensors in the brain and blood vessels that identify changing levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Heart dysfunctions 2 types
Mechanical problems
-physical trauma(bullet holes, stab wounds), squeezing forces, or loss of cardiac muscle function from cell death (heart attack)
Electrical problems
-damage to electrical system from heart attacks or heart failure
Minute volume
the amount of air breathed in during each respiration multiplied by the number of breaths per minute
-(Tidal volume) x (breaths per minute)= minute volume
dead air space
Air that occupies the space between the mouth and the alveoli but that does not actually reach the area of gas exchange
-Approx- 150ml
Interstitial water %
25%
Cerebrospinal fluid
shock absorbing fluid in spine
Intravascular water %
5%
tidal volume
volume of air moved in one in and out cycle of breathing
Metabolism
Glucose is broken down inside the cell and combined with oxygen to create energy (ATP)that is used to perform cellular functions
Systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
pressure inside the vessels that the heart has to pump against. Chronic smoking, certain drugs such as cocaine, even genetics can cause an abnormal constriction of the peripheral blood vessels
Basic shock treatment
lay down
keep warm
keep airway open
Different Disruptions of fluid balance
- Fluid balance
- Dehydration
- Poor fluid distribution
- To much water in the system and causes leaking
- loss of proteins in the blood from liver failure and the changes in capillary membrane permeability
- Edema is swelling associated with the movement of water
Hypersensitivity (allergic reaction)
- Exaggerated immune response
- Immune system in response to specific substances, release chemical toxins that cause more reaction than necessary
- Cumulative reaction after enough exposures
Endocrine system dysfunction
- Too many hormones
- Not enough hormones
Dysfunctions of the endocrine system are primarily the result of organ or gland problems typically present at birth or the result of illness
Stretch receptors
sensors in blood vessels that identify internal pressure and in turn sends signal to the nervous system to adjust vessel constriction
permeability of cells
ability to effectively transfer fluids, electrolytes, and other substances in and out of the cell
Essential functions of the cell rely on what
water, glucose and oxygen
Obstructive Shock
- Blood is physically prevented from flowing
- large quantities of blood are prevented from reaching essential organs and vital areas
Hypersensitivity
an exaggerated response by the immune system to a particular substance
Anaphylactic reaction
Abnormally exaggerated response to infection or invasion by a foreign substance
Medulla oblongata
part of brain that controls respirations
-Any event impacting function of the medulla oblongata EX. infection, drugs, toxins, trauma
FiO2
Fraction of inspired oxygen; the concentration of oxygen in the air we breath
Digestive dysfunction
- Gastrointestinal bleeding
- Vomiting and diarrhea
- Also signs of acute myocardial infarction (heart attack) and even certain strokes and brain injuries
Hypoglycemic
Low blood sugar (diabetic)
What can happen when Hydrostatic pressure and plasma oncotic pressure falls out of balance
Water freely leaves the bloodstream and accumulates around the body’s cell and even in cavities, leading to dehydration of the blood and edema (swelling) in the patient as fluid accumulates out-side the bloodstream
Sodium potassium pump
Using ATP, it moves ions back and forth across the cell membrane. This movement of ions is responsible for generating and electrical charge to cause depolarization, which is the stimulus for muscle contraction.
Plasma oncotic pressure
the pull exerted by large proteins in the plasma portion of the blood that tends to pull water from the body into the bloodstream. opposite pressure of hydrostatic pressure
Patent
open and clear airway; free from obstruction
Intracellular water %
70%
Nervous system dysfunctions
Trauma
-damage to brain or spinal cord
Medical dysfunction
- medical problems both acute and chronic
-Strokes, meningitis, encephalitis, Lou Gehrig’s, multiple sclerosis, hypoglycemia.
Signs
-Altered mental status, seizures, inability/ difficulty to speak, visual or hearing disturbances, inability/ difficulty to walk, paralysis, weakness, loss of sensation, and pupil changes
Dehydration
An abnormally low amount of water in the body
process of diffusion
oxygen moves across the thin membrane from the alveoli to the capillaries
Important electrolytes
potassium, sodium, and magnesium
stroke volume and 3 factors
the amount of blood ejected from the heart in one contraction. Average is 70ml
Preload- how much blood is returned to the heart prior to contraction
Contractility- force of contraction
Afterload- systemic vascular resistance
Hypercapnia
High carbon dioxide levels
Shock signs
- low blood pressure
- high pulse
- (diaphoresis) cold, clammy, and pale
- increase respiratory rate
- delayed capillary refill time
- Slight mental change
Meninges
several protective layers that protect the spine
How much water makes up the body?
60%
What’s the 3 Respiratory dysfunctions?
- Disruption of the respiratory Control
- Disruption of the medulla oblongata
- Disruption of pressure
- Disruption of the negative pressure in the thoracic cavity that allows for breathing
- Disruption of lung tissue
- trauma or disease that destroys or disrupts efficiency
Aerobic metabolism
The cellular process in which oxygen is used to metabolize glucose. Energy is produced in an efficient manner with minimal waster products
Mitochondria
Largely produces energy for the cell by conversion of glucose and other nutrients into energy in the form of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)
insulin
helps move glucose from the blood into the cells.
-Made in the pancreas
Hemoglobin’s
oxygen carrying molecules in the cells. Hemoglobin’s attractions to oxygen is diminished in acidotic (lactic acid) states
systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
the pressure in the peripheral blood vessels that the heart must overcome to pump blood into the system
Hydrostatic pressure
the pressure created inside the vessels when the heart beats that tends to push water out of the vessel. Counter acts plasma oncotic pressure.
Graves’ disease
Thyroid glands over production of hormones. Difficulties to regulate temperature and fast heart rate
Hypovolemic Shock
- low blood volume, occurs when blood is lost from the cardiovascular system or volume portion of blood is lost due to dehydration
- Heart has a hard time pumping blood to all the regions of the body and cells become hypo perfused
Distributive Shock
- Blood vessel tone is lost
- anaphylaxis or sepsis cause vessels to dilate and as a result, pressure within the system is reduced
- blood cannot be pumped efficiently and blood flow to the cells is diminished
Pathophysiology
the study of how disease processes affect the function of the body
Shock
- hypo perfusion
- shock causes the body to rapidly adjust and attempt to compensate for the hypo perfusion
V/Q match
ventilation/ perfusion match. This implies that the alveoli are supplied with enough air and that the air in the alveoli is matched with sufficient blood in the pulmonary capillaries to permit optimum exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
