Chap 28 Flashcards
Axial skeleton
skull
ribs
spine
sternum
appendicular skeleton
extremities
Periosteum
strong, white, fibrous material covering bones
General bone classification
Long, short, flat, and irregular
Pectoral girdles
Clavicle
Scapula
Upper extremities
Humerus Radius Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges
Pelvic girdles
Ilium
Pubis
Ischium
Lower extremities
Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges
Mechanisms of musculoskeletal injury
Direct force
Indirect force
Twisting or rotational forces
Comminuted fracture
a fracture in which the bone is broken in several places
Greenstick fracture
an incomplete fracture
Angulated fracture
broken bone segments are at an angle to each other
Sprain
stretching and tearing of ligaments
Strain
Muscle injury resulting from overstretching or overexertion of the muscle
Closed bone extremity injury
an injury to an extremity with no associated opening to the skin
Open extremity injury
an extremity injury in which the skin has been broken or torn through from the inside by an injured or from the outside by something that has caused a penetrating wound associated with injury to the bone
Compartment syndrome
injury caused when tissue such as blood vessels and nerves are constricted within a space as from swelling or from a tight dressing or cast
Six P’s
Pain or tenderness
Pallor (pale skin or poor capillary refill)
Paresthesia, or the sensation of ‘pins and needles”
Pulses diminished or absent in the injured extremity
Paralysis or the inability to move
Pressure
When to realign a broken bone
When angulated injuries to the tibia, fibula, femur, radius, ulna, or humerus cannot be fit into a rigid splint
Realign a long bone when the distal extremity is cyanotic or lacks pulses
Manual traction
the process of applying tension to straighten and realign a fractured limb before splinting
Traction splints two basic varieties
Bipolar- cradles the leg between two metal rods
Unipolar- has a single metal rod
Types of Bipolar traction splints
Types of Unipolar traction splints
Bipolar- Firm traction should be applied
Half-ring splint
HARE
Fernotrac
Unipolar
Sager- Traction 10% percent of patients body weight not exceeding 15%
Kendrick
Two straps on traction splints
Ischial strap- By groin
Ankle hitch
Signs and symptoms of pelvic fractures
- Complaint of pain in the pelvis, hips, groin or back
- Painful when pressure is applied to the iliac crest or the pubic bone
- Complaint that the patient cannot lift his legs when lying on his back
- Foot on the injured side may turn outward (lateral rotation)
- Patient has an unexplained pressure on the urinary bladder and the feeling of having to empty the bladder
- Bleeding from the urethra, rectum, or vaginal opening in the setting of a high impact MOI
Anterior hip dislocation
The patients entire lower limb is rotated outward and the hip is usually flexed
Posterior hip dislocation
The patients leg is rotated inward, the hip is flexed and the knee is bent
