Ch9 Joints Flashcards
What is a joint (articulation)?
Point where 2 bones meet
Define arthrology
Science of joints
Define kinesiology
Study of musculoskeletal movement
How are joints classified?
- How adjacent bones are bound (anatomy)
- How freely bones can move (physiology)
What are the 4 major joint categories (anatomy)?
- Bony joints
- Fibrous joints
- Cartilaginous joints
- Synovial joints
Define bony joints
Gap between 2 bone ossifies, bone becomes (in effect) single bone
What’s an example of bony joints?
Frontal and mandibular bones in infants
What is the physiology of bony joints?
Synostosis- immovable joint
Fibrous joints are bound by…
Collagen fibers
What are the 3 types of collagen fibers fibrous joints are bound by?
- Sutures
- Gomphoses
- Syndesmoses
Collagen fiber sutures bind bones of…
Skull
Collagen fiber gomphoses bind ___ and is held by ______ which allows _____.
Collagen fiber gomphoses bind TOOTH IN SOCKET and is held by FIBROUS PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT which allows TOOTH TO MOVE A LITTLE UNDER STRESS OF CHEWING.
Collagen fiber syndesmoses is bound by ____ and has ____ collagen fibers so it has ______.
Collagen fiber syndesmoses is bound by TIBIA/FIBULA and has LONGER collagen fibers so it has A BIT MORE MOBILITY.
What is the physiology of fibrous joints?
Synarthroses- immovable or ever-so-slightly movable
Cartilaginous joints are bound by…
What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?
Bound by: cartilage
Types= Synchondroses & Symphyses
Cartilaginous joint synchondroses is bound by…
Hyaline cartilage
- first rib/sternum
Cartilaginous joint symphyses is bound by…
Fibrocartilage
- intevertebral discs
- pubic symphysis
What is the physiology of cartilaginous joints?
Physiology= mostly amphiarthroses- slightly moveable
Synovial joints are separated by…
most ____ type of joint
most ____ complex
What are examples?
Synovial joints are separated by: joint CAVITY
most FAMILAR type of joint
most STRUCTURALLY complex
Ex) knee, elbow, knuckle
Synovial joints
________ encloses joint cavity
- continuous with ___________
- lined by….
Synovial joints
ARTICULAR CAPSULE encloses joint cavity
- continuous with PERIOSTEUM
- lined by SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE
Define synovial fluid
Slippery fluid; feeds cartilages
Define articular cartilage
Hyaline cartilage covering joint surfaces
With synovial joints, explain what articular discs and menisci do and examples of them
- Absorbs shock, guides bone movement, distributes forces
ex) jaw, wrist, sternoclavicular, & knee joints
With synovial joints, explain what the bursae does and examples of them
- Cushion muscles, help tendons slide more easily over joints
ex) fibrous sacs with synovial fluid, where tendon passes over bone
With synovial joints, explain what tendon sheaths are and examples of them
- Elongated cylindrical bursae wrapped around tendon
ex) in hand and foot
What is the physiology of synovial joints?
Physiology: diarthroses - freely movable joint
What is a lever?
Any elongated, rigid object that rotates around fixed point called fulcrum
When does the rotation (around fixed point (fulcrum) occur?
Rotation occurs when effort applied overcomes resistance (load) at other point
Long bones are levers to…
Levers to enhance speed or power of limb movements
What is mechanical advantage?
Ratio of its output force to its input force
How do you calculate MA?
Length of effort arm divided by length of resistance arm
A lever can confer MA in what 2 ways?
- Exert more force against resisting object than force applied to lever
- Move resisting object further or faster than effort arm is moved
MA > 1.0
Lever produces more force, but less speed and distance, than force exerted on it
MA < 1.0
MA < 1.0
Lever produces more speed or distance, but less force than input
What are the different types of levers?
- First-class lever
- Second-class lever
- Third-class lever
First-class lever
- ______ in middle, between _____ and ______ (RFE)
- ___________ joint lies between ________ on back of _____ and _______ of face
- Loss of _________ occurs when you nod off in class
First-class lever
- FULCRUM in middle, between EFFORT and RESISTANCE (RFE)
- ATLANTO-OCCIPITAL joint lies between MUSCLES on back of NECK and WEIGHT of face
- Loss of MUSCLE TONE occurs when you nod off in class
Second-class lever
- Resistance between _____ and _____ (ERF)
- Bouncy baby on lap: _______= hip joint, effort just below the knee where quads insert, _____ on femur= baby
Second-class lever
- Resistance between FULCRUM and EFFORT (ERF)
- Bouncy baby on lap: FULCRUM= hip joint, effort just below the knee where quads insert, RESISTANCE on femur= baby
Third-class lever
- Effort between ______ and ______ (REF)
- Most joints of _____
- _____ applied by biceps muscle to forearm between elbow joint and weight of hand + forearm (_____ flexion)
Third-class lever
- Effort between RESISTANCE and FULCRUM (REF)
- Most joints of BODY
- EFFORT applied by biceps muscle to forearm between elbow joint and weight of hand + forearm (ELBOW flexion)
Define range of motion (ROM)
Degree through which joint can move
ROM is determined by…
- Structure of articular surfaces
- Strength and tautness of ligaments and joint capsules
- Action of muscles and tendons
Axes of rotation
________ has relatively stationary __________ that passes through _______ in direction ______ to plane of ________
Axes of rotation
MOVING BONE has relatively stationary AXIS OF ROTATION that passes through BONE in direction PERPENDICULAR to plane of MOVEMENT
Axes of rotation
Define multiaxial joint
Shoulder joint has 3 axes of rotation (degrees of freedom)
Define:
- Flexion
- Extension
- Hyperextension
- Flexion: decreases joint angle
- Extension: straightens joint; usually returns body part to zero position
- Hyperextension: further extension of joint beyond zero position
Describe the temporomandibular (jaw) joint (TMJ)
- Articulation of condyle of mandible with mandibular fossa (temporal bone)
- 2 chambers in cavity allow lateral/medial excursion
Jaw Joint
What supports jaw joint and what cause dislocation of TMJ?
- 2 ligaments support jaw joint
- Deep yawn or strenuous depression can dislocate TMJ
The glenohumeral joint is also known as…
Humeroscapular joint
The glenohumeral (humeroscapular) joint is the…
- Most _______ joint
- Sacrifice ______
Supported by…
- ______ of biceps _______ and _________
- various _________
The glenohumeral (humeroscapular) joint is the…
- Most FREELY MOVABLE joint
- Sacrifice STABILITY
Supported by…
- TENDONS of biceps BRACHII and ROTATOR CUFF
- various LIGAMENTS
Shoulder Dislocation
- occurs when…
- are…
- occurs when arm abducted, receives blow from above
- are painful
What are the muscles of the rotator cuff?
What is the most common shoulder dislocation?
Downward displacement of humerus
The hip joint is also knows as the _______.
- It’s the head of ________ into _______ of ________
- It bears _______, has ________ and more ______ than _______
The hip joint is also knows as the COXAL.
- It’s the head of FEMUR into ACETABULUM of PELVIS
- It bears MORE WEIGHT, has DEEPER SOCKETS and more STABLE than SHOULDER
The tibiofemoral joint is also known as the…
- It is the _____ and most __________ of body
- It is primarily a ______ joint
- Can _______ & _______ when knee flexed
The tibiofemoral joint is also known as the…
KNEE JOINT
- It is the LARGEST and most COMPLEX DIARTHROSIS of body
- It is primarily a HINGE joint
- Can SLIGHTLY ROTATE & LATERALLY GLIDE when knee flexed
Knee Joint
- Joint cavity contains __________ cartilages (__________ and _________ meniscus)
- The _________ and ________ meniscus absorbs _______ on knee
- Prevents _______ from rocking __________ on _________
- Joined by ____________
Knee Joint
- Joint cavity contains 2 C-SHAPED cartilages (LATERAL and MEDIAL meniscus)
- The LATERAL and MEDIAL meniscus absorbs SHOCK on knee
- Prevents FEMUR from rocking SIDE TO SIDE on TIBIA
- Joined by TRANSVERSE LIGAMENT
The elbow joint is composed of ________
- humeroulnar joint=
- humeroradial joint=
The elbow joint is composed of 2 ARTICULATIONS
- humeroulnar joint= HINGE
- humeroradial joint= PIVOT
Knee Joint
- Popliteal region is supported by __________ ligaments external to ___________
- _________ (lateral) _______ ligament
and
- ______ (medial) ______ ligament
- Prevents knee from ________ when joint ________
Knee Joint
- Popliteal region is supported by EXTRACAPSULAR ligaments external to JOINT CAPSULE
- FIBULAR (lateral) COLLATERAL ligament
and
- TIBIA (medial) COLLATERAL ligament
- Prevents knee from ROTATING when joint EXTENDED
Knee Joint
- 2 deep ___________ ligaments - ______ to form “X”
- ____________ ligament (ACL) - prevents _________
- ____________ ligament (PCL) - prevents _________
Knee Joint
- 2 deep INTRACAPSULAR ligaments - CROSS to form “X”
- ANTERIOR CRUCIATE ligament (ACL) - prevents HYPEREXTENSION
- POSTERIOR CRUCIATE ligament (PCL) - prevents FEMUR FROM SLIDING OFF TIBIA
Knee Injuries
- Highly _______ to ___________ and ________ stress
- Most common injuries: ____________ and ___________
- Heals ________ due to __________
Knee Injuries
- Highly VULNERABLE to ROTATIONAL and HORIZONTAL stress
- Most common injuries: MENISCUS and ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT (ACL)
- Heals SLOWLY due to SCANT BLOOD FLOW
Define arthritis
Broad term for pain/inflammation of joint
Osteoarthritis (OA)- _______ form of arthritis
- ”___________” - years of joint wear
- __________ softens and degenerates
- Crackling sounds called ________
- ________ develop on ________ tissue causing _______
Osteoarthritis (OA)- MOST COMMON form of arthritis
- ”WEAR AND TEAR ARTHRITIS” - years of joint wear
- ARTICULAR CARTILAGE softens and degenerates
- Crackling sounds called CREPITUS
- BONE SPURS develop on EXPOSED BONE tissue causing PAIN
- Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) - ___________ against joint _______
- ____________ antibodies (rheumatoid factor) attack ___________ membrane, enzymes in _________ fluid degrade _________, joint begins to _________
- Ankylosis - solidly ______, _________ joint …….. __________ occur, _______ and _______ control __________
- Arthroplasty- replacement of __________ joint with __________ device called ____________
- Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) - AUTOIMMUNE ATTACK against joint TISSUES
- MISGUIDED antibodies (rheumatoid factor) attack SYNOVIAL membrane, enzymes in SYNOVIAL fluid degrade ARTICULAR CARTILAGE, joint begins to OSSIFY
- Ankylosis - solidly FUSED, IMMOBILIZED joint …….. REMISSIONS occur, STEROIDS and ASPIRIN control INFLAMMATION
- Arthroplasty- replacement of DISEASED joint with ARTIFICIAL device called PROSTHESIS
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