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Anatomy and Physiology > Ch5 Histology > Flashcards

Ch5 Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What is histology?

A

Study of tissues and their arrangement into organs

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2
Q

What are tissues?

A

A group of similar cells working together to perform specific role within organ

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3
Q

What are the 4 primary tissues?

A
  1. Muscular
  2. Epithelial
  3. Nervous
  4. Connective
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4
Q

Describe epithelial tissue

A
  • sheet of closely adhering cells
  • apical (upper) surface exposed to environment or an internal space, so it covers surfaces & lines cavities
  • avascular
  • basal (lower) surface sits on basement membrane -collagen & laminin & fibronectin adhesive glycoproteins
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5
Q

What’s the difference between simple epithelium and stratified epithelium?

A
  • Simple epithelium vs. Stratified epithelium
  • -1 cell layer - multilayered
  • -named for shape - named for shape of apical cells
  • -all cells touch basement membrane - “upper” cells do not touch basement membrane
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6
Q

Describe simple squamous epithelium

A
  • single layer, thin cells
  • permits rapid diffusion / transport
  • alveoli, glomeruli, endothelium, and serosa
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7
Q

Describe simple cuboidal epithelium

A
  • single layer, square / round cells
  • absorption & secretion
  • Liver, thyroid, mammary & salivary glands, kidney tubules
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8
Q

Describe simple columnar epithelium

A
  • single layer, tall narrow cells
  • goblet cells
  • absorption; secretion of mucus
  • lining of GI tract, uterus, uterine tubes
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9
Q

Describe pseudostratified epithelium

A
  • looks multilayered; some not reaching free surface; all touch basement membrane
  • cilia & goblet cells
  • trachea, portions of male urethra
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10
Q

Describe keratinized stratified squamous

A
  • layer of dead scaly cells at surface
  • resists abrasion; retards water loss; resists bacterial invasion
  • skin epidermis; palms & soles of feet heavily keratinized
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11
Q

Describe nonkeratinized stratified squamous

A
  • no keratinized layer
  • resists abrasion & pathogen invasion
  • tongue, oral mucosa, esophagus, vagina
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12
Q

Describe stratified cuboidal epithelium

A
  • two or more cell layers; surface cells square / round
  • sweat gland ducts, ovarian follicles, seminiferous tubules
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13
Q

Describe transitional epithelium

A
  • multilayered epithelium surface cells; change from round to flat when stretched
  • renal pelvis, ureter, bladder
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14
Q

Describe connective tissues

A
  • cells & fibers in extracellular material (matrix)
  • matrix = fibrous proteins + ground substance
  • binds organs to each other, supports & protects organs
  • highly vascular
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15
Q

What are the 3 fibrous proteins in connective tissues?

A
  1. Collagen fibers
  2. Reticular fibers
  3. Elastic fibers
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16
Q

Describe collagen fibers

A
  • most abundant of body’s proteins—25%
  • tough, flexible, resists stretching
  • tendons, ligaments, & deep layer of skin: mostly collagen
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17
Q

Describe reticular fibers

A
  • thin collagen fibers coated w/ glycoprotein
  • form framework of such organs as spleen & lymph nodes
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18
Q

Describe elastic fibers

A
  • made of elastin protein
  • allows stretch & recoil
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19
Q

Describe the ground substance part

A
  • Usually gelatinous / rubbery consistency due to 3 classes of large molecules:
  • glycosaminoglycans (GAG)
  • proteoglycans
  • adhesive glycoproteins—bind components of tissues together
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20
Q

What are the types of fibrous connective tissue?

A
  1. Areolar
  2. Reticular
  3. Dense regular
  4. Dense irregular
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21
Q

Describe areolar tissue (loose fibrous)

A
  • loosely organized fibers
  • underlies all epithelia, mesenteries, between muscles
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22
Q

Describe reticular tissue (loose fibrous)

A
  • mesh of reticular fibers & fibroblasts
  • forms supportive stroma (framework) for lymphatic organs
  • lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow
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23
Q

Describe regular connective tissue

A
  • densely packed, parallel collagen fibers
  • compressed fibroblast nuclei
  • elastic tissue/fibers, wavy sheets
  • tendons & ligaments
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24
Q

Describe dense irregular connective tissue

A
  • densely packed, randomly arranged, collagen fibers, few cells
  • withstands unpredictable stresses
  • dermis of skin; capsules around organs
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25
Q

Describe adipose tissue

A
  • adipocytes = dominant cell type
  • energy reservoir
  • quantity of stored triglyceride, # of adipocytes quite stable
  • fat recycled continuously to prevent stagnation
  • thermal insulation
  • most adult fat called white fat
  • brown fat in fetuses, infants = heat-generating tissue
  • anchors and cushions organs such as eyeballs and kidneys
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26
Q

Describe cartilage

A
  • supportive connective tissue w/ flexible, rubbery matrix
  • chondroblasts produce matrix
  • chondrocytes = cartilage cells in lacunae
  • perichondrium = sheath of dense irregular tissue
  • gives shape to ear, tip of nose, larynx
  • avascular - relies on diffusion; heals slowly
27
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A
  1. Hyaline
  2. Elastic
  3. Fibrocartilage
28
Q

Describe hyaline cartilage

A
  • clear, glassy appearance due to fineness of collagen fibers
  • articular cartilage, costal cartilage, trachea, bronchi, larynx
29
Q

Describe elastic cartilage

A
  • cartilage w/ elastic fibers
  • external ear, epiglottis
30
Q

Describe fibrocartilage

A
  • cartilage containing large, coarse bundles of collagen fibers
  • pubic symphysis, menisci, intervertebral discs
31
Q

Describe bone and the parts of it

A

tissue w/ solid matrix; calcified

  • osteocytes = mature bone cells in lacunae
  • canaliculi—delicate canals that radiate from each lacuna; allow osteocytes to contact each other
  • osteon—central canal + surrounding lamellae
  • periosteum - tough fibrous connective tissue covering of bone
32
Q

Describe compact bone

A

compact bone – cylinders that run longitudinally through shafts of long bones; Haversian canal in center

33
Q

Where is bone matrix deposited in?

A

Concentric lamella

34
Q

Describe blood

A

fluid connective tissue

35
Q

What is plasma?

A

Blood’s liquid ground substance

36
Q

What are the formed elements of blood?

A
  • Erythrocytes—red blood cells
  • Leukocytes—white blood cells
  • Platelets—cell fragments involved in clotting
37
Q

Describe nervous tissue

A

specialized for communication by electrical & chemical signals

  • consists of neurons
  • detect stimuli, respond quickly
  • neuroglia (glial)
  • protect & assist neurons; “housekeepers” of nervous system
  • neurosoma, dendrites, axons
38
Q

Describe muscular tissue

A

elongated cells specialized to contract in response to stimulation

  • exert physical force on other tissues
  • creates movements - limb movement, digestion, waste elimination, breathing, blood circulation
  • important source of body heat
39
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle?

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Cardiac
  3. Smooth
40
Q

Describe skeletal muscle

A

long cells, called muscle fibers

  • most attach to bone
  • multinucleate - adjacent to plasma membrane
  • striations - alternating dark & light bands
  • voluntary - conscious control
41
Q

Describe cardiac muscle

A
  • only in heart!!
  • cardiocytes - short & branched
  • intercalated discs join cardiocytes end to end (provide electrical & mechanical connectivity)
  • striated and involuntary
42
Q

Describe smooth muscle

A
  • relatively short, fusiform cells
  • 1 central nucleus
  • visceral muscle—forms layers of digestive, respiratory, & urinary tracts, blood vessels
43
Q

What do cell junctions do?

A

Keep cells together so they don’t fall apart

44
Q

What are the types of cell junctions?

A
  • tight junctions
  • desmosomes
  • gap junctions - connexons
45
Q

What are the types of glands?

A

Endocrine and exocrine

46
Q

Describe endocrine glands

A
  • secretions go directly into blood
  • secretions = hormones
  • thyroid, adrenal, & pituitary glands
47
Q

Describe exocrine glands

A
  • Release material by way of duct
  • sweat, mammary, & tear glands
48
Q

What are the structures of exocrine glands?

A
  • capsule
  • stroma - framework
  • parenchyma – secreting cells
49
Q

What are the types of exocrine glands?

A
  • Simple v. Compound
  • Shape: Acinar v. Tubuloacinar
50
Q

What are the types of secretions?

A
  • Serous glandsthin, watery secretions (sweat, milk, tears, digestive juices)
  • Mucous glands (produce mucin that absorbs water to form sticky secretion called mucus)
  • Mixed glands
  • Cytogenic glands release whole cells (testes & ovaries)
51
Q

Describe the mode of secretion for eccrine (merocrine) glands

A

secrete by exocytosis

-tear glands, pancreas, gastric glands, mammary glands

52
Q

What is the mode of secretion for aprocrine glands?

A

blebs w/ material come off cells

-axillary sweat glands, mammary glands

53
Q

What is the mode of secretion for holocrine glands?

A

cells accumulate product, then entire cell disintegrates

secretion = mixture of cell fragments & synthesized substance

oil glands of scalp

54
Q

What are the membrane types?

A
  • Cutaneous membrane = skin (relatively dry layer; protection)
  • Synovial membrane lines joint cavities (connective tissue layer only, secretes synovial fluid)
  • Serous membrane (serosa) – internal membrane (covers organs & lines walls of body cavities; produces serous fluid)
  • Mucous membrane (mucosa) – internal membrane (lines passages that open to exterior environment)
55
Q

What are the types of tissue growth?

A
  1. Hyperplasia—tissue growth through cell multiplication
  2. Hypertrophy—enlargement of preexisting cells
  3. Neoplasia—development of a tumor (neoplasm)
56
Q

What are the changes in tissue?

A
  • Differentiation= unspecialized embryonic tissues –> specialized mature types

Ex. - mesenchyme –> muscle

  • Metaplasia=changing from one type of mature tissue to another

Ex. - simple cuboidal tissue –> stratified squamous after puberty

57
Q

What are the types of tissue repair?

A
  • Regeneration - replacement of damaged cells w/ original cells (skin & liver)
  • Fibrosis - replacement of damaged cells with scar tissue; function not restored (muscle, lung tissue (TB), severe cuts/burns of skin)
  • Keloid is healing w/ excessive fibrosis (raised shiny scars)
58
Q

What are the different types of stem cells?

A
  • totipotent=cells become anything
  • pluripotent= can become a lot but not everything
  • multipotent= more specialized, can become one thing but not the other
59
Q

What are the types of tissue degeneration and death?

A
  • Atrophy—shrinkage of tissue through loss in cell size or number
  • Apoptosis—programmed cell death
60
Q

Define necrosis

A
  • premature, pathological death of tissue due to trauma, toxins, or infections
  • infarction – sudden cell death
61
Q

Define gangrene

A
  • tissue necrosis from infection or lack of blood supply
  • Dry v. Wet
62
Q

Describe tissue repair

A

Healing of a cut in the skin

63
Q

Blood plasma seeps into wounds carrying…

A
  • antibodies
  • clotting proteins
  • blood cells
64
Q

What do scabs do?

A

Temporarily seals wounds and blocks infections

Anatomy and Physiology (13 decks)

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