Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology > Ch4 Genetics and Cellular Function > Flashcards

Ch4 Genetics and Cellular Function Flashcards

1
Q

DNA is our

A

Hereditary material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does DNA help understand?

A

Hereditary traits and genetic disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How many DNA molecules are there in the nucleus?

A

46 DNA molecules in the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

DNA are polymers of

A

Nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do nucleotides consists of…

A
  1. Sugar: deoxyribose
  2. Phosphate group
  3. Nitrogen base
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are purines? And what are included in it?

A

Purines are double rings
- adenine (A) & guanine (G) are included in it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are pyrimidines? And what are included in it?

A

Pyrimidines are single ring

  • cytosine (C) & thymine (T) are included in it
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is commonly described as a double helix?

A

DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a double helix?

A

“Spiral staircase”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the double helix composed of?

A
  1. Backbone= phosphate groups + deoxyribose
  2. Connections between backbones= nitrogenous base
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

DNA base pairing:

What pairs with what?

G, A, C, T

A
  • A & T
  • C & G
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What pairs the DNA base pairs?

A

Hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Fine filamentous DNA material complex with proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a gene?

A

Sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for one protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe chromosomes?

A

2 parallel filaments of identical DNA; each= sister chromatid

  • joined at centromere
  • kinetochore -protein plaques
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is an RNA?

A

Smaller cousin of DNA (fewer bases)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe RNA structure

A
  • One nucleotide chain (not double helix)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the function of RNA?

A

Interpret DNA code; makes complimentary copy of DNA that eventually codes for protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What types of RNA are there?

A
  1. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
  2. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
  3. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

In RNA, what does ribose replace?

A

Ribose replaces deoxyribose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

In RNA, what does uracil replace?

A

Uracil replaces thymine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the process of protein synthesis?

A

DNA —> mRNA —> protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the first and second arrow in:

DNA —> mRNA —> protein

A

DNA —> mRNA —> protein

First arrow is transcription

Second arrow is translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Transcription is…

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is translation?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

Most occurs in cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does transcription do?

A
  • Copies instructions from DNA to RNA
  • Opens DNA helix; transcribes bases from 1 strand of DNA into pre-mRNA
  • ^^^ if C on DNA, G is added to mRNA
  • ^^^if A on DNA, U is added to mRNA, etc.
  • Rewinds DNA helix
  • Pre-mRNA is unfinished
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Describe “nonsense” and “sense” when Pre-mRNA is unfinished (in transcription)

A
  • “Nonsense”= introns removed by enzymes
  • “Sense”= exons reconnected & exit nucleus = functional mRNA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Alternative splicing of mRNA

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What does translation do?

A

-converts language of nucleotides into language of amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Translation requires the participation of…

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Describe tRNA

A
  • one end has anticodon
  • other end binds one amino acid
  • each tRNA picks up specific amino acid from cytosol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What happens during peptide formation?

A
36
Q

Describe protein processing and secreion

A
  • translation is finished when amino acid sequence (primary structure) assembled
  • to be functional, needs secondary & tertiary structure

chaperone proteins

older proteins that pick up new proteins, guide them in folding into proper shapes

37
Q

What are chaperone proteins?

A

older proteins that pick up new proteins, guide them in folding into proper shapes

38
Q

What are stress or heat-shock proteins?

A
  • proteins produced in response to stress/heat
  • help damaged protein fold back into correct functional shapes
39
Q

What does DNA direct the synthesis of?

A

All proteins

-including enzymes that synthesize non-proteins

40
Q

Not all cells make all ____ all the time

A

Not all cells make all PROTEINS all the time

-activators, such as hormones, may stimulate cell to make protein

Ex. prolactin to stimulate casein production

41
Q

Before cell dividides, it…

A

it duplicate its DNA so it can give complete copy to each daughter cell

42
Q

What are key players in cell replication?

A
43
Q

What is the function of helicase?

A

Unwind DNA helix & create a replication force

44
Q

What is the function of DNA polymerase?

A
45
Q

What is the function of ligase?

A

Links any unbound nucleotides/helps link DNA strands together

46
Q

What are the phases in the cell cycle?

A
  • G1 phase
  • S phase
  • G2 phase
  • M phase
  • Interphase
  • Mitosis
47
Q

What is the G1 phase and what occurs during it?

A

G1 phase is the 1st gap phase

Ocurrances:

  • growth, normal cell activity
  • preparation to replicate DNA
48
Q

What is the S phase and what occurs during it?

A

S phase is the synthesis phase

Occurances:

-duplication of DNA and centrioles

49
Q

What is the G2 phase and what occurs during it?

A

G2 phase is the 2nd gap phase

Occurances:

  • enzyme synthesis that occur in cell division
  • repairing of DNA replication error
50
Q

What is the M phase and what occurs during it?

A

M phase is the mitotic phase

Occurances:

-cell replicates its nucleus, then forms 2 new daughter cells

51
Q

What phase(s) occur in interphase?

A

G1, S, & G2

52
Q

What is the longest phase of cell replication?

A

Interphase

53
Q

What are the functions of mitosis?

A
54
Q

What are the phases of mitosis?

A
  • Prophase (early= nucleus condenses - late= nuclear envelope breaks down)
  • Metaphase (chromosomes line up at midline)
  • Anaphase (spindle fibers pull sister chromatids to opposite poles of cell)
  • Telophase (identical sets of chromosomes reach opposite ends of the poles and begin to decondense
55
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Division of the cytoplasm

56
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

A picture of a person’s chromosomes in order of size

  • 2 of each pair - one from each parent
57
Q

What is inheritance?

A

Genetic material divided my meiosis

58
Q

What is a gamete?

A
59
Q

Each gamete has one of each numbered _____

A

Each gamete (egg or sperm) has one of each numbered CHROMOSOME

60
Q

What is a haploid?

A

One copy of each gene

61
Q

What is a zygote?

A

When sperm and egg merge in fertilization

62
Q

What is a diploid?

A

Two copies of each gene

63
Q

What does a diploid lead to?

A

Genetic inheritance

64
Q

What is an allele?

A

A variation of a gene/trait

65
Q

What can alleles be?

A

Dominant and recessive

66
Q

What is a dominant allele?

A

Trait expressed in body - you can see it

ex) eye color

67
Q

What is a recessive allele?

A

A trait expressed in body if there is no dominant to “cover” it up (think i,i in punnet the square)

ex) blue eyes

68
Q

What are homozygous and heterozygous?

A
69
Q

What is homozygous?

A

2 identical alleles

ex) CC & cc

70
Q

What is heterozygous?

A

Different alleles for a gene (Cc)

71
Q

What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

A

Genotype is what alleles you have in DNA for a trait vs Phenotype being what is expressed on outside of body (ex, cleft or uncleft chin)

72
Q

Define multiple alleles

A

More than 2 allelic forms for trait

Ex) 3 alleles for ABO blood types: IA, IB, i

73
Q

Define codominant

A

both alleles equally dominant

IA, IB = type AB blood

both phenotypically expressed; I recessive to each

74
Q

Define incomplete dominance

A

phenotype intermediate betw/ traits each allele would have produced alone

75
Q

What are sex-linked traits?

A

Traits carried on X & Y chromosomes

76
Q

Recessive color blindness allele on __, no gene locus for trait on __, so red-green color blindness more common in ___ (____ is carrier)

A

Recessive color blindness allele on X, no gene locus for trait on Y, so red-green color blindness more common in MEN (MOTHER is carrier)

77
Q

What are some sex-linked diseases or disorders?

A
  • Duchenne Muscular dystrophy
  • Fabry disease
  • ALD
  • Hemophilia
78
Q

What is polygenic inheritance?

A

Many genes contributing to one phenotype

79
Q

What is pleiotrophy?

A

one gene produces multiple phenotypic effects

Ex. Alkaptonuria, Sickle cell disease

80
Q

What is penetrance?

A

The likelihood of a phenotype being expressed off a genotype /

What % of a population has a certain gene that actually shows the phenotype

81
Q

What plays an important part in gene expression?

A

Environmental effects

82
Q

What is cancer?

A

Uncontrolled mitosis

83
Q

What is a malignant tumor?

A

Cancer

84
Q

Define tumor angiogenesis

A

Blood vessels growing into tumor

85
Q

How are cancers named?

A

Named for their tissue or origin

examples:

  • carcinoma from epithelial tissues
  • lymphoma from the lymph nodes
  • sarcomas in bone

Anatomy and Physiology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions