Ch1 Anatomy - Study of Structure Flashcards
Major themes of anatomy and physiology
Anatomy
Study of structure
Inspection
Vision - looking at something
Palpation
Feeling for things
Auscultation
Listening
Percussion
Tapping and listening combo
Medical imaging
Viewing inside the body without surgery
Cadaver Dissection
Cutting and separating tissue to reveal their relationships
Histology
Observing tissue under microscope
Physiology
Study of function
What are the 4 subdivisions of physiology?
- Pathophysiology
- Endocrinology
- Neurophysiology
- Comparative physiology
What is pathophysiology?
study of the function of disease
What is endocrinology?
study of the function of hormones
What is neurophysiology?
study of the function of nervous system
What is comparative physiology?
study of how different species have solved problems of life (ex, water balance, respiration, and reproduction)
Where does the history of A&P originate?
Greece and Rome
Who is considered “the father of medicine?”
Hippocrates
- Greek physician
- urged physicians to stop attributing disase to activities of gods and demons and to seek their natural causes
- established code of ethics for physicians, Hippocratic Oath
Who coined the terms for theology (theologi) and physiology (physiologi)?
Aristotle
Supernatural causes of disease is…
theology
Natural causes for disease is…
physiology (gods not involved)
Who believed in reductionism?
Aristotle
What is reductionism?
believing that complex structures are built from simpler parts
(can study a living thing by breaking it down into parts)
Who is Claudius Galen and what 2 things did he believe in?
- physician to Roman gladiators
1. science= method of discovery, not just body of facts taken on faith
2. trust observations, not dogma of “acient masters”
Who did this drawing?
Andreas Vesalius
Barbering and surgery were considred “kindred arts of the ____”
Barbering and surgery were considered kindred arts of the knife
Who published first atlas of anatomy?
Andreas Vesalius
What is the name of the first atlas of antomy?
De Humani Corporis Fabrica
Who would act as surgeons as med students watched?
Barbers
Who revolutionized dissection?
Andreas Vesalius
What is William Harvey known for?
Blood circulation
Who was the first to see and name “cells”?
Robert Hooke
Who observed blood, lake water, sperm, and bacteria from tooth scrapings?
Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek
What is “cell theroy”?
all organisms are composed of cells
^^^ therefore, all body functions are a result of the actions of these cells
Who made up cell theory?
pair of scientists - Schleiden & Schwann
When were these momentous discoveries made & by whom?
- vaccinations
- germ theory of disease
- genetic inheritance
- antibiotics
- structure of DNA
- vaccinations (late 1700s) - Edward Jenner
- germ theory of disease (1800s) - Louis Pasteur
- genetic inheritance (1850s) - Gregor Mendel
- antibiotics (1920s) - Alexander Fleming
- structure of DNA (1950s) - Rosalind Franklin
What is the Inductive Method (described by Francis Bacon)?
- make numerous observations until confident in making generalizations & predictions
- knowledge of anatomy obtained this way
What is the Hypothetico-Deductive Method?
- ask question based on observations
- formulate ______________— educated speculation or possible answer to question; “if–then” prediction
- knowledge of physiology gained this way
What are important components of a sound experimental design?
- Sample size
- Controls
- Double-blind method with placebo
- Peer review
What were Darwin’s observations?
1) Individuals ____________ (w/in a population)
2) Offspring resemble _____________________
3) All species produce ________ _______________ offspring
4) Resources are __________________
5) Populations do not expand ______________________
1) Individuals VARY (w/in a population)
2) Offspring resemble PARENTS
3) All species produce TOO MANY offspring
4) Resources are LIMITED
5) Populations do not expand INDEFINITELY
Evolution occurs in ___________________, not individuals
Evolution occurs in POPULATIONS, not individuals
What is Natural selection?
some individuals w/in species have hereditary advantage over their competitors
What is adaptions?
physical feature that gives advantage
What are primates?
Order of mammals to which humans, monkeys, and apes belong
What is vestigial?
anything we have that’s either not functional or that we can live without (wisdom teeth, tail bone, appendix)
What is bipedalism?
standing and walking on two legs
How did Bipedalism emerge and what were it’s effects?
in Africa - became hotter and drier, much of forest replaced by savanna (grasslands) = more predators and less protection - started standing on their hind legs to look around for danger, in turn, helped them stay alert and free up forelimbs for purposes other than walking (holding things for example)
What is the hierarchy of complexity?
things are built on top of each other
What is the order of the hierarchy of complexity/the human structure?
- Organism is composed of organ systems
- Organ systems composed of organs
- Organs composed of tissues
- Tissues composed of cells
- Cells composed of organelles
- Organelles composed of molecules
- Molecules composed of atoms
Reductionism—theory that a large, complex system (e.g. human body) can be understood by studying its ___________ components
Reductionism—theory that a large, complex system (e.g. human body) can be understood by studying its SIMPLER components
Holism—there are “emergent properties” of whole organism that cannot be predicted from properties of separate parts
Humans are more than the _______________________.
Holism—there are “emergent properties” of whole organism that cannot be predicted from properties of separate parts
Humans are more than the SUM OF THEIR PARTS
What is atomical variation?
- No two humans are exactly alike
- variation in organ locations / formations
What are the 3 types of anatomical variations?
situs solitus, situs inversus, situs perversus
What is situs solitus?
“normal state” ex) always 1 heart
What is situs inversus?
that in some people, everything is switched
What is situs situs perversus?
things in wrong spot - functional, just not “normal”
What are the characteristics of life?
DRE RHOCUM
D - development - living things can change
R- reproduction - living things capable of producing living things
E- evolution - group of living things
R-responsiveness and movement - react to environment (move when ball thrown at you)
H- homeostasis - maintenance of stable internal condition
O- organization -things are in a certain place (heart, lungs)
C- cellular composition - all living things made up of cells
M-metabolism- bring in food to break down and release into energy used to power cellular movement
Homeostasis is the maintenance of _________________ through detection of change & activation of mechanism to oppose it
- Homeostasis is the maintenance of RELATIVELY STABLE CONDITIONS through detection of change & activation of mechanism to oppose it
- state of body fluctuates (dynamic equilibrium) w/in limited range around set point
- self-restoration
- loss of homeostatic control = illness or death
Homeostasis is maintained by….
negative feedback
variance invokes mechanism to return
What are 2 types of negative feedback?
- vasoconstrictor - blood vessels get smaller in order to preserve heat (first mechanism employed to maintain body temp)
- vasodilation- enlarging diameter of blood vessels to let heat out
What are the 3 processes of negative feedback?
- receptor - detects change (ex, low blood pressure)
- integration center - figures out what needs to be done (ex, tells brains)
- effector - carries out what needs to be done (ex, tells heart to increase heart rate to bring blood pressure up)
What doesn’t bring you back to homeostasis and does it cause a rapid or slow change?
positive feedback - causes rapid change
What is the self-amplifying cycle?
- leads to greater change in SAME direction
- change produces more change
What are some normal ways of producing rapid changes?
childbirth, blood clotting, fever
What happens when you have a fever > 104°F?
- metabolic rate increases
- body produces heat even faster
- body temperature continues to rise
- further increasing metabolic rate
- cycle continues to reinforce itself
- becomes fatal at 113°F
Language of Medicine: History of Anatomical Terminology
- 1895 Nomina Anatomica(NA)
- rejected eponyms
- Standard international anatomical terminology
- Terminologia Anatomica (TA) was codified in 1998
Language of Medicine: History of Anatomical Terminology
- 1895 Nomina Anatomica(NA)
- rejected eponyms
- Standard international anatomical terminology
- Terminologia Anatomica (TA) was codified in 1998
About 90% of medical terms from…
Greek and Latin
Know the anatomical positions
Know directional terminology
What is the importance of precision?
- Health-care professions demand it
- Learn to spell correctly
- People’s lives will be in your hands
Words to know
Words to know
Words to know
