Ch10 Muscular System Flashcards
- ~_______ human skeletal muscles
- Muscles constitute ~_______ of our body weight
- Muscles convert _______ energy (ATP) to _______ energy (movement)
- ~600 human skeletal muscles
- Muscles constitute ~HALF of our body weight
- Muscles convert CHEMICAL energy (ATP) to MECHANICAL energy (movement)
What are the functions of muscles?
- Movement
- Stability
- Control of Openings and Passageways
- Heat up Production
- Glycemic Control
Movement
- movement of body parts; _______, ________, etc.
- __________: writing, ________, nonverbal communications
Movement
- movement of body parts; FLEXION, EXTENSION, etc.
- COMMUNICATION: writing, SPEECH, nonverbal communications
Stability
- maintain ______
- stabilize ______
Stability
- maintain POSTURE
- stabilize JOINTS
Control of Opening and Passageways
- ___________: internal ________ that control movement of food, ______, _______, etc.
Control of Opening and Passageways
- SPHINCTERS: internal MUSCULAR RINGS that control movement of food, BILE, URINE, etc.
Heat up Production
- up to _______ of our _________
Heat up Production
- up to 85% of our BODY HEAT
Glycemic Control
- _________ of _________ concentrations
Glycemic Control
- REGULATION of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentrations
Connective Tissues (CT) of Muscle
- P_____sium
- E____mysium
- E____mysium
Connective Tissues (CT) of Muscle
- Perimysium
- Epimysium
- Endomysium
Perimysium
- _________ layer of CT
- _______ bundle of ______ called _____
Perimysium
- SLIGHTLY THICK layer of CT
- SURROUNDS bundle of CELLS called FASCICLE
Epimysium
- ________ whole _________ belly
- _______ into CT between _______
Epimysium
- COVERS whole MUSCLE belly
- BLENDS into CT between MUSCLES
Endomysium
- ____________ tissue around each _______
- allows room for ________ and _________
Endomysium
- THIN AREOLAR tissue around each CELL
- allows room for CAPILLARIES and NERVE FIBERS
Where is deep fascia found?
Found between adjacent muscles
What is superficial fascia also called? Where is it found?
- Also called “hypodermis”
- Found in adipose tissue between skin and muscle
What are the types of muscle attachments?
- Direct Attachment
- Indirect Attachment
- Attachment to Dermis
Direct (______) Attachment to Bone
- ____________ continuous with __________
ex) _________ muscle, ________ along humerus
Direct (FLESHY) Attachment to Bone
- EPIMYSIUM continuous with PERIOSTEUM
ex) INTERCOSTAL muscle, BRACHIALIS along humerus
Indirect Attachment to Bone
- ________ continues as _______ or __________ merges into _________ as __________ fibers
ex) biceps _______ or ________ muscles
Indirect Attachment to Bone
- EPIMYSIUM continues as TENDON or APONEUROSIS merges into PERIOSTEUM as PERFORATING fibers
ex) biceps BRACHII or ABDOMINAL muscles
Muscle Attachments
_______ will tear _______ before pulling _______ from either _____ or ________
Muscle Attachments
STRESS will tear TENDON before pulling TENDON LOOSE from either MUSCLE or BONE
What are the skeletal muscle parts?
- Attachment
- bone (usually), tendons, skin, aponeurosis
- Belly
- thicker, middle region of muscle
- Origin/Insertion disuse
- 2 ends that bone is attached to… now “skeletal attachment”
What are the skeletal muscle shapes?
- Fusiform
- Parallel
- Triangular
- Unipennate
- Bipennate
- Multipennate
- Circular
Describe the fusiform muscles and an example
- Thick in middle, tappered at ends
ex) biceps BRACHII
Describe the parallel muscles and an example
- Parallel fascicles, uniform width
ex) rectcus abdominis
Describe the convergent muscles and give an example
- Broad at origin, tapering to narrower insertion
ex) pectoralis major
Describe the pennate muscles, their names, and an example of each
- Fascicles insert obliquely on tendon
ex:
- unipennate = palmar interosseous
- bipennatte = rectus femoris
- multipennate = deltoid
Describe circular muscles and an example
- Ring around body opening
ex) orbicularis oculi
What are the types of coordinated muscle actions?
- Prime mover or agonist
- Synergist
- Antagonist
- Fixator
Coordinated Muscle Actions
Define a prime mover or agonist
Produces most of force
Coordinated Muscle Actions
Define synergistic
- Aids prime mover
- Stabilizes nearby joint
- Modifies direction of movement
Coordinated Muscle Actions
Define antagonist
- Opposes prime mover
- Prevents excessive movement and injury
Coordinated Muscle Actions
Define fixator
- Prevents movement of bone
Ex Muscle Actions During Elbow Flexion
- Prime mover (agonist)=
- Synergist=
- Antagonist=
- Fixator=
Ex Muscle Actions During Elbow Flexion
- Prime mover (agonist)= brachialis
- Synergist= biceps brachii
- Antagonist= triceps brachii
- Fixator= muscle that hold scapula in place - rhomboideus
Define intrinsic and extrinsic muscles
- Intrinsic- contained within region such as hand
- Extrinsic- move fingers but found outside region
What muscles are in facial expression?
Muscles of Mastication
- arise from ______, insert on ______
- _________ & ________ elevate mandible
- _______ & _______ help elevate + excursion (allows jaw to go side to side)
Muscles of Mastication
- arise from SKULL, insert on MANDIBLE
- TEMPORALIS & MASSETER elevate mandible
- MEDIAL & LATERAL PTERYGOIDS help elevate + excursion (allows jaw to go side to side)
Muscles of Deglutition
- ________ - depresses ________, opens ________
Muscles of Deglutition
- DIAGASTRIC - depresses MANDIBLE, opens MOUTH
Muscles of Deglutition
What does the mylohyoid and thyrohyoid do?
- Mylohyoid - elevates floor of mouth in initial stages
- Thyrohyoid - elevates larynx during swallowing
Muscles of the Abdomen
What are the 4 pairs of sheet-like muscles?
- External oblique
- Internal oblique
- Transverse abdominis
- Rectus abdominis
Muscles of the Abdomen
What are the functions of the muscles of the abdomen?
- Supports viscera
- Stabilize vertebral column (posture)
- Help in respiration, urination, defecation, childbirth (moving things outside the abdominal cavity)
Hernias
What is a hernia?
Protrusion of viscera through muscular wall of abdominopelvic cavity
Hernias
What are the 3 types of hernias?
- Inguinal hernia
- Hiatal hernia
- Umbilical hernia
Describe inguinal hernia
- Most common type of hernia, mostly in men
- Viscera enter inguinal canal or even scrotum
Hernias
Describe hiatal hernia
- Stomach protrudes through diaphragm into thorax
- Overweight people over 40
Hernias
Describe umbilical hernia
- Viscera protrude through navel
Athletic Injuries
- Vulnerable to _______ & _________
- Proper ________ & _________ needed
Athletic Injuries
- Vulnerable to SUDDEN & INTENSE STRESS
- Proper CONDITIONING & WARM-UP needed
Athletic Injuries
How are they treated?
“No pain, no gain” =
Athletic Injuries
- Treatment= rest, ice, compression, elevation (RICE)
- no pain, no gain = dangerous misconception
Athletic Injuries
What are common injuries?
- Shin splints
- Pulled hamstrings
- Tennis elbow
Shin Splints
Describe medial tibial stress syndrome
- Overload on CT that attach to muscles to tibia
- “Terrible toos” - running too long, too fast, or too hard
Tennis Elbow
- ______ or _______ injury of ______ & _______ area _______ of elbow
- area where _______ & ______ of _______ attach to ___________ of elbow
- sometimes called __________
Tennis Elbow
- ABRUPT or SUBTLE injury of MUSCLE & TENDON area LATERAL of elbow
- area where MUSCLES & TENDONS of FOREARM attach to LATERAL EPICONDYLE of elbow
- sometimes called LATERAL EPICONDYLITIS
Describe a pulled hamstring and its treatment
- Tear of hamstring muscle fibers
- Treatment = cold compression
Describe the different types of pulled hamstrings
- Grade I = microscopic tear, cramp, or tightness
- Grade II = = immediate pain
- Grade III = hamstring muscle can totally rupture, may require surgery
Describe plantar fasciitis
- Straining ligament that supports arch
- Repeated strain can cause tiny tears, then pain and swelling
- Heel pain - worse with first steps of morning
