Ch8 Skeletal System Flashcards
What are the surface features of bones?
- Alveolus
- Condyle
- Crest
- Foramen
- Lines
- Meatus
- Process
- Sinuses
- Spine
Define alveolus
Pit or socket
Define condyle
Rounded knob, articulates with another bone
Define crest
Narrow ridge
Define foramen
Hole through bone
Define lines
Slightly raised elongated ridge
Define meatus
Opening into canal
Define process
Any bony prominence
Define sinuses
Air filled space in bone
Define spine
Sharp narrow process
What is a fossa?
Shallow, broad, or elongated basin
What are other surface of the bones? (6)
- Trochanter
- Tubercle
- Tuberosity
- Fovea
- Epicondyle
- Head
What is the axial skeleton comprised of?
Skull, vertibrae, sternum, ribs, sacrum, and hyoid
What is the appendicular skeleton comprised of?
Pectoral girdle, upper extremities, pelvic girdle, lower extremities
What are the 4 sections of the skeleton?
- Skull
- Vertebral Column/Thoracic Cage
- Pectoral Girdle
- Pelvic Girdle
What does the skull do?
Protect brain and sense organs
What does the vertebral column do?
- support skull & trunk
- allow movement
- protect spinal cord
- absorb stress
- provide attachments for limbs & muscles
What does the thoracic cage do?
protect heart & lungs
provide attachment for pectoral girdle & upper limbs
What does the pectoral girdle do?
Attach arms
What does the pelvic girdle do?
- supports trunk
- protects lower cavity (bladder, reproductive organs)
- attaches legs
What are the 4 major skull cavities?
- Nasal Cavity
- Orbital with Orbital Fat Cavity
- Oral Cavity
- Cranial Cavity
What sinus fills the maxillae bone?
Maxillary sinus
What are the bones with sinuses?
- Frontal (Frontal sinus)
- Ethmoid (Ethmoid sinus)
- Maxillae (Maxillary sinus)
- Sphenoid (Sphenoid sinus)
What are fontanels?
Spaces between unfused bones
What are fontaneles filled with?
Fibrous membranes
What do fontanels do?
Allow shifting of bones during birth and growth of brain
2 frontal bones fuse by age 6 by…
2 frontal bones fuse by age 6 through metopic suture
Skulls reach adult size by what age?
8 or 9
There are 33 what in the vertebral column?
33 vertebrae and intervertebral discs of fibrocartilage
What are the 5 vertebral groups and the number of vertibraes?
- 7 cervical
- 12 thoracic
- 5 lumbar
- 5 FUSED sacral
- 4 FUSED coccygeal
What are the first 2 cervical vertebraes and what do they allow?
Atlas and axis - allow for head movement
What are intervertebral foramen?
- Notches between adjacent vertebraes
- passage for nerves
Intervertebral discs….
_____ vertebrae together
____ shock
gelatinous _____________ surrounded by anulus fibrosus (fibrocartilage)
___________ pressures spinal nerve or cord
Intervertebral discs
BIND vertebrae together
ABSORB shock
gelatinous NUCLEUS PULPOSUS surrounded by anulus fibrosus (fibrocartilage)
HERNIATED DISC pressures spinal nerve or cord
What is the sacrum?
The fusion of several separate sacral vertibraes
Note the median sacral crest and sacral foramina
What causes abnormal spinal curvatures?
disease, posture, paralysis or congenital defect
Define scoliosis
lack of proper development of one vertebrae
What can form from osteoporosis?
Hyperkyphosis
What causes lordosis?
weak abdominal muscles
Compare and contrast male and female pelvic girdles
Men: heavier, narrow subpubic angle/arch, pelvic inlet heart-shaped
Female: lighter, wide subpubic angle/arch, pelvic inlet round or oval
What are the only mammals that habitually bipedal?
Humans
What are the skeletal adaptions for bipedalism?
foot - arch, hallux - _______________!
knee - angle allows knees below center of gravity - ___________________________
shift in buttock muscles for _______
reduced curvature of spine - ____________________________________
reduced weight in _______
reduced _______________ size
________ (positioning of head) more anterior/inferior
less weight anterior to ____ condyle
foot - arch, hallux - PUSH OFF!
knee - angle allows knees below center of gravity - ALLOWS KNEES TO LOCK
shift in buttock muscles for EASY MOVEMENT
reduced curvature of spine - SHIFT CENTER OF GRAVITY
reduced weight in FRONT OF HEAD
reduced FORELIMB size
FORAMEN MAGNUM (positioning of head) more anterior/inferior
less weight anterior to OCCIPITAL condyle
