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Anatomy and Physiology > Ch8 Skeletal System > Flashcards

Ch8 Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the surface features of bones?

A
  1. Alveolus
  2. Condyle
  3. Crest
  4. Foramen
  5. Lines
  6. Meatus
  7. Process
  8. Sinuses
  9. Spine
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2
Q

Define alveolus

A

Pit or socket

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3
Q

Define condyle

A

Rounded knob, articulates with another bone

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4
Q

Define crest

A

Narrow ridge

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5
Q

Define foramen

A

Hole through bone

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6
Q

Define lines

A

Slightly raised elongated ridge

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7
Q

Define meatus

A

Opening into canal

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8
Q

Define process

A

Any bony prominence

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9
Q

Define sinuses

A

Air filled space in bone

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10
Q

Define spine

A

Sharp narrow process

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11
Q

What is a fossa?

A

Shallow, broad, or elongated basin

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12
Q

What are other surface of the bones? (6)

A
  1. Trochanter
  2. Tubercle
  3. Tuberosity
  4. Fovea
  5. Epicondyle
  6. Head
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13
Q

What is the axial skeleton comprised of?

A

Skull, vertibrae, sternum, ribs, sacrum, and hyoid

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14
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton comprised of?

A

Pectoral girdle, upper extremities, pelvic girdle, lower extremities

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15
Q

What are the 4 sections of the skeleton?

A
  1. Skull
  2. Vertebral Column/Thoracic Cage
  3. Pectoral Girdle
  4. Pelvic Girdle
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16
Q

What does the skull do?

A

Protect brain and sense organs

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17
Q

What does the vertebral column do?

A
  • support skull & trunk
  • allow movement
  • protect spinal cord
  • absorb stress
  • provide attachments for limbs & muscles
18
Q

What does the thoracic cage do?

A

protect heart & lungs

provide attachment for pectoral girdle & upper limbs

19
Q

What does the pectoral girdle do?

A

Attach arms

20
Q

What does the pelvic girdle do?

A
  • supports trunk
  • protects lower cavity (bladder, reproductive organs)
  • attaches legs
21
Q

What are the 4 major skull cavities?

A
  1. Nasal Cavity
  2. Orbital with Orbital Fat Cavity
  3. Oral Cavity
  4. Cranial Cavity
22
Q

What sinus fills the maxillae bone?

A

Maxillary sinus

23
Q

What are the bones with sinuses?

A
  1. Frontal (Frontal sinus)
  2. Ethmoid (Ethmoid sinus)
  3. Maxillae (Maxillary sinus)
  4. Sphenoid (Sphenoid sinus)
24
Q

What are fontanels?

A

Spaces between unfused bones

25
Q

What are fontaneles filled with?

A

Fibrous membranes

26
Q

What do fontanels do?

A

Allow shifting of bones during birth and growth of brain

27
Q

2 frontal bones fuse by age 6 by…

A

2 frontal bones fuse by age 6 through metopic suture

28
Q

Skulls reach adult size by what age?

A

8 or 9

29
Q

There are 33 what in the vertebral column?

A

33 vertebrae and intervertebral discs of fibrocartilage

30
Q

What are the 5 vertebral groups and the number of vertibraes?

A
  1. 7 cervical
  2. 12 thoracic
  3. 5 lumbar
  4. 5 FUSED sacral
  5. 4 FUSED coccygeal
31
Q

What are the first 2 cervical vertebraes and what do they allow?

A

Atlas and axis - allow for head movement

32
Q

What are intervertebral foramen?

A
  • Notches between adjacent vertebraes
  • passage for nerves
33
Q

Intervertebral discs….

_____ vertebrae together

____ shock

gelatinous _____________ surrounded by anulus fibrosus (fibrocartilage)

___________ pressures spinal nerve or cord

A

Intervertebral discs

BIND vertebrae together

ABSORB shock

gelatinous NUCLEUS PULPOSUS surrounded by anulus fibrosus (fibrocartilage)

HERNIATED DISC pressures spinal nerve or cord

34
Q

What is the sacrum?

A

The fusion of several separate sacral vertibraes

35
Q

Note the median sacral crest and sacral foramina

A
36
Q

What causes abnormal spinal curvatures?

A

disease, posture, paralysis or congenital defect

37
Q

Define scoliosis

A

lack of proper development of one vertebrae

38
Q

What can form from osteoporosis?

A

Hyperkyphosis

39
Q

What causes lordosis?

A

weak abdominal muscles

40
Q

Compare and contrast male and female pelvic girdles

A

Men: heavier, narrow subpubic angle/arch, pelvic inlet heart-shaped

Female: lighter, wide subpubic angle/arch, pelvic inlet round or oval

41
Q

What are the only mammals that habitually bipedal?

A

Humans

42
Q

What are the skeletal adaptions for bipedalism?

foot - arch, hallux - _______________!

knee - angle allows knees below center of gravity - ___________________________

shift in buttock muscles for _______

reduced curvature of spine - ____________________________________

reduced weight in _______

reduced _______________ size

________ (positioning of head) more anterior/inferior

less weight anterior to ____ condyle

A

foot - arch, hallux - PUSH OFF!

knee - angle allows knees below center of gravity - ALLOWS KNEES TO LOCK

shift in buttock muscles for EASY MOVEMENT

reduced curvature of spine - SHIFT CENTER OF GRAVITY

reduced weight in FRONT OF HEAD

reduced FORELIMB size

FORAMEN MAGNUM (positioning of head) more anterior/inferior

less weight anterior to OCCIPITAL condyle

Anatomy and Physiology (13 decks)

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