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Anatomy and Physiology > Ch3 Cellular Form and Function > Flashcards

Ch3 Cellular Form and Function Flashcards

1
Q

Cells shapes and sizes ___

A

Cells shapes and sizes VARIES

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2
Q

Most human cell sizes are ___ µm (micrometer) in diameter.

A

Most human cell sizes are 10-15 µm (micrometer) in diameter.

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3
Q

Egg cells (very large) are ___ in diameter

A

Egg cells (very large) are 100 µm in diameter

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4
Q

Muscle cells can be ___ cm long

A

Muscle cells can be 30 cm long

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5
Q

Nerve cells can be ___ meter(s) long

A

Nerve cells can be 1 meter long

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6
Q

Cell growth ____ volume more than surface area

A

Cell growth INCREASES volume more than surface area

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7
Q

Plasma (cell) membrane is _____ ______, surrounds ____ and ______ entry/exit - on perimeter of the cell

A

Plasma (cell) membrane is SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE, surrounds CELL, and REGULATES entry/exit - on perimeter of the cell

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8
Q

The cytoplasm is the ___ ____ of the cells

A

The cytoplasm is the INNER CONTENTS of the cells

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9
Q

What are the 3 things located in the cytoplasm?

A
  1. Organelles
  2. Cytoskeleton
  3. Cytosol (intracellular fluid, ICF)
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10
Q

98% of molecules in plasma membrane are ____.
The other 2% are ____.

A

98% of molecules in plasma membrane are LIPIDS (mostly phospholipids).
The other 2% are PROTEINS.

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11
Q

What 3 things can phospholipids be?

A
  1. Amphiphilic
  2. Hydrophilic
  3. Hydrophobic
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12
Q

How are amphiphilic molecules arranged?

A

In bilayer

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13
Q

What way do hydrophilic phosphate heads face?

A

Towards the water

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14
Q

Where are hydrophobic tails directed towards?

A

Towards the center

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15
Q

What way do phospholipids drift from place to place?

A

Laterally

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16
Q

What keeps membrane fluid in phospholipids?

A

Movement

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17
Q

What 2 other lipids are molecules in the plasma membrane?

A
  1. Cholesterol
  2. Glycolipids
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18
Q

What are glycolipids?

A

1/2 sugar and 1/2 lipids - contribute to glycocalyx

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19
Q

What are the 2 membrane proteins?

A
  1. Transmembrane proteins
  2. Peripheral proteins
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20
Q

What are transmembrane proteins?

A

Proteins that cross over from one side to other side in membrane (go from ECF to ICF).

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21
Q

What are peripheral proteins?

A

Proteins that are between the plasma membrane and the ICF.

  • adhere to face of membrane
  • usually tethered to cytoskeleton
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22
Q

What are the functions of the membrane protein?

A
  1. Receptors - receives and binds to something (hormone, neurotransmitter, etc)
  2. Second messenger systems - receptors & enzymes working together - signaling for a change to occur inside the cells
  3. Enzyme - breaks things down
  4. Ions channels

(Channel protein - gate constantly open and allows solutes to pass into and out of cell & gated channel - gate that opens and closes to allow solutes through only at a certain time, something has to happen to let it through)

  1. Carriers - transmembrane proteins that bind to glucose, electrolytes, and other solutes & transfer them to other side of membrane (some carriers, called pumps, consume ATP in process)
  2. Cell - identity marker - identifies cell for who it is (distinguishes body’s own cells from foreign cells, example: kidney donation line up closely to receiver?)
  3. Cell-adhesion molecule (CAM) - help link cells together
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23
Q

What are second messenger systems?

A

Receptors and enzymes working together in a way that they create a second messenger system and it’s a way of signaling for a change to occur inside the cell

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24
Q

What are glycocalyx?

A

Unique fuzzy coat external to plasma membrane

  • carbohydrate moieties of membrane glycoproteins and glycolipids
  • unique (except identical twins)
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25
Q

What are the functions of glycocalyx?

A
  1. Protections
  2. Immunity/defense
  3. Transplant compatibility
  4. Cell adhesion
  5. Embryonic development
  6. Fertilization
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26
Q

What are membrane extensions?

A

Microvilli

  • numerous and small (1-2 µm)
  • increases cell’s surface area
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27
Q

What do microvilli specialize in?

A

Cells specialized in absorption

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28
Q

What are microvilli called when they are very dense?

A

“Brush border”

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29
Q

What are cilia? How long are they?

A

Hairlike processes 7-10 µm long

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30
Q

Where are motile cilia located?

A

In respiratory tract, uterine tubes, brain’s ventricles, efferent ductules of testes

  • beat in waves, sweep substances
  • power strokes, recovery strokes
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31
Q

What is axoneme?

A

The core of cilia - structural basis for cilary movement

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32
Q

What are microtubules?

A

“Tent poles” of cilia

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33
Q

What is the structure of microtubules?

A

9+2

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34
Q

What do microtubules form inside the cell?

A

Form basal body inside the cell

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35
Q

What do dynein arms do?

A

They “crawl” up adjacent microtubules, bending cilia

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36
Q

What is a flagella and what is it’s structure?

A

Tail of sperm - only functional flagellum
-whiplike structure with axoneme identical to cilium

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37
Q

What are pseudopods?

A

Extensions that change

38
Q

The plasma membrane is…

A

Selectively permeable - controls which things enter/leave cells

39
Q

Does passive transport require ATP?

A

No.

40
Q

What are the types of passive transport?

A
  1. Filtration
  2. Simple diffusion

3A. Carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion

41
Q

Does active transport require ATP?

A

Yes

42
Q

What are the types of active transport?

A

3B. Carrier-mediated (active) transport

  1. Vesicular transport
43
Q

What is filtration?

A

Particles driven through a selectively permeable membrane by hydrostatic pressure

ex) filtration through capillary walls

44
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

Net movement of particles from HIGH to LOW concentration

  • due to constant, spontaneous motion
  • movement “down the concentration gradient”
45
Q

What factors affect diffusion rate through membrane?

A
  1. Temperature: high temp, high motion of particles
  2. Molecular weight: larger molecules move slower
  3. Steepness of concentrated gradient: high difference, high rate
  4. Membrane surface area: high area, high rate
  5. Membrane permeability: high permeability, high rate
46
Q

Diffusion through lipid bilayer

A

Smaller & nonpolar most easily

Ex) O2, CO2, & NO

47
Q

Diffusion through channel proteins

A

Larger & more polar molecules

Ex) glucose, ions

48
Q

Cells control permeability by…

A

Regulating number of channel proteins or by opening and closing gates

49
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Flow of water through selectively permeable membrane

-from side with more water to side with less water

50
Q

What are aquaporins?

A

Channel proteins that can increase rate of osmosis

51
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

Amount of hydrostatic pressure required to stop osmosis

-reverse osmosis

52
Q

What is tonicity?

A

The ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume and pressure in a cell

53
Q

Describe hypotonic solution

A
  • lower concentration of nonpermeating solutes
  • thus higher water concentration
  • cells in this solution absorb water (even lyse!)
54
Q

Describe hypertonic solution?

A
  • has higher concentration of nonpermeating solutes
  • thus lower water concentration
  • cells in this solution lose water & shrivel
55
Q

What are isotonic solutions?

A

Concentrations in cell = ICF

56
Q

What is carrier-mediated transport?

A

Proteins that carry solutes across cell membrane

57
Q

What are the carriers of of carrier-mediated transport?

A
  • Uniport - 1 solute at a time
  • Symport - 2 solutes simultaneously, same direction
  • Antiport - 2 solutes simultanously, opposite direction
58
Q

Solute binds to a ___ ____ on carrier protein

A

Solute binds to a RECEPTOR SITE on carrier protein

59
Q

What are the types of carrier-mediated transport?

A
  1. Facilitated diffusion
  2. Active transport
60
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A
  • Solute through a membrane down its concentration gradient
  • no ATP consumed
61
Q

What is active transport?

A
  • Carrier-mediated transport of solution through membrane up (against) it’s concentration gradient
  • uses ATP
62
Q

What is vesicular transport?

A
  • Transport of large particles or fluid droplets through membrane in vesicles or membrane
  • uses ATP
63
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Vesicular transport out of cell

64
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Vesicular transport into the cells

65
Q

What are the 3 types of endocytosis?

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Pinocytosis
  3. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
66
Q

Describe phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis.

A
  1. Phagocytosis - engulfing large particles (eg. pathogens)
  2. Pinocytosis - taking in fluid droplets
  3. Receptor-mediated endocytosis - taking in specific molecules
67
Q

What does exocytosis do?

A
  • Secretes material (cells get rid of waste)
  • Replaces membrane removed by endocytosis
68
Q

What is the cell interior?

A

Cytoplasm

69
Q

What are the structures in the cytoplasm?

A
  1. Cytoskeleton
  2. Organelles
  3. Inclusions

** all embedded in a clear gelatinous cytosol

70
Q

What is a cytoskeleton?

A

Protein filaments and tubules (in the cytoplasm of living cells) that helps maintain shape and internal organization

71
Q

What is the cytoskeleton composed of?

A
  1. Microfilaments - of protein actin
  2. Intermediate filaments
  3. Microtubules - of protein tubulin
72
Q

Describe microfilaments

A

Microfilaments - of protein actin

  • supports membrane & microvilli
  • produces cell movement
73
Q

Describe intermediate filaments

A

Tight junctions

74
Q

Describe microtubules

A

Microtubules - of protein tubulin

  • hold organelles in place, maintain cell shape
  • inside cilia, flagellum
  • move cargo
75
Q

Be able to locate things in this picture

A
76
Q

Describe a nucleus

A
  • Largest organelle
  • usually one, few cells anuclear or multinucleate
77
Q

Describe nuclear envelope

A

Membranes that surround nucleus; nuclear pores

78
Q

Define nucleolus

A

Ribosome synthesis (reponsible for making ribosomes)

79
Q

What does the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) consist of?

A

Rough ER & Smooth ER

80
Q

Describe Rough ER

A

Cisternae (system of tunnels interconnected) covered with ribosomes

  • continuous with outer membrane of nuclear envelope
  • function: protein synthesis
81
Q

Describe smooth ER

A

Smooth because no ribosomes in it

  • cisternae seem continuous with rough ER
  • function: steroids (+ other lipids) synthesis

detoxifies alcohol, drugs

82
Q

Define ribosomes

A

Small granules of protein & RNA

-“read” coded genetic messages (messenger RNA), assemble amino acids into proteins

83
Q

Describe golgi complex

A

System of cisternae; function: synthesize carbohydrates and modify proteins

  • receives newly synthesized proteins from rough ER
  • packages proteins into membrane-bound golgi vesicles
  • some become lysosomes
  • some become secretory vesicles
84
Q

Describe lysosomes

A

Catabolic enzyme bound in membrane

“cleaner uppers”

Functions:

  • intracellular hydrolytic digestion
  • autophagy - digestion of worn out organelles
  • autolysis - “cell suicide” = programmed cell death
  • (glucose mobilization - in liver cells, lysosomes break down glycogen)
85
Q

Describe peroxisomes

A

Resemble lysosomes but use different enzymes

  • use O2 to oxidize organic molecules
  • neutralize free radicals, detoxify alcohol
  • break down fatty acids into acetyl groups for midochondrial use (ATP synthesis)
  • hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) produced buy catalase breaks that down
  • in all cells but abundant in liver and kidney
86
Q

What are proteasomes?

A

Protein disposal

87
Q

Describe mitochondria

A

Synthesizes ATP

-double unit membrane

  • inter folds= cristae (enzymes necessary to produce ATP)
  • matrix contains ribosomes, enzymes for ATP synthesis, and small circular DNA molecule = mitochondrial DNA
  • “powerhouses”
  • energy extracted from organic molecules (glucose), transferred to ATP
88
Q

Describe centrioles

A
  • composed of microtubules
  • organizes chromosomes during cell division
  • form basal body of cilium or flagellum
89
Q

What are inclusions?

A

Stored cellular products

-disease markings

90
Q

Why should we care about Zellweger syndrome?

A

Hereditary genetic disorder that affect peroxisomes (organelles found in almost all body cells). It disturbs cellular function and causes serious problems soon after birth. Newborns can have brain, liver and kidney problems, as well as difficulty feeding or moving. There is no cure or treatment. Peroxisomes are responsible for many important cell processes, including energy metabolism, which means that Zellweger syndrome can severely impact the body

Anatomy and Physiology (13 decks)

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