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Anatomy and Physiology > Ch6 Integumentary System > Flashcards

Ch6 Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the integumentary systems comprised of?

A

Skin + accessory organs (hair, nails, cutaneous glands)

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2
Q

What is our most vulnerable organ?

A

Skin

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3
Q

Skin receives more ________________________________ than any other organ system

A

Skin receives more medical treatment than any other organ system

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4
Q

Define dermatology

A

scientific study & medical treatment of integumentary system

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5
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

A
  • Barrier to infection, trauma, water loss
  • Vitamin D synthesis
  • Sensation
  • our most extensive sense organ
  • Thermoregulation
  • vasoconstriction/vasodilation
  • Nonverbal communication
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6
Q

What are the layers of the skin?

A
  • Epidermis: stratified squamous epithelium
  • Dermis: connective tissue layer
  • Hypodermis (aka subcutaneous layer): below dermis, mostly adipose
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7
Q

What is the difference between thin and thick skin?

A
  • Thin skin covers most of body -hair follicles, sebaceous glands, & sweat glands
  • Thick skin—on: palms & soles, fingers & toes -sweat glands, but no hair follicles or sebaceous (oil) glands
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8
Q

Describe the epidermis

A
  • Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
  • dead cells (surface) packed w/ protein keratin
  • lacks blood vessels, depends on diffusion
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9
Q

What are the cells of the epidermis and their function?

A
  • Stem cells - mitosis
  • Keratinocytes – synthesize keratin
  • Melanocytes – synthesize melanin, shields DNA from UV radiation (distribute melanin through branched processes)
  • Dendritic (Langerhans) cells - immune
  • Tactile cells - sensation
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10
Q

Identify the cells of the epidermis

A
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11
Q

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis?

A
  • Stratum Basale – deepest; stem cells division
  • Stratum Spinosum – multilayered -keratinoctyes flattening; dendritic cells roam
  • Stratum Granulosum – 3-5 layers -keratinocytes produce vesicles, release glycolipids (exocytosis) to waterproof skin - barrier cuts off nutrients to distal cells
  • Stratum Lucidum (thick skin only)
  • Stratum Corneum – can be 30 layers -dead scaly keratinized cells flake off (exfoliate)
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12
Q

Identify the layers of the epidermis

A
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13
Q

Describe the dermis

A
  • Connective tissue layer deep to epidermis
  • Blood vessels, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, & nerve endings
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14
Q
A
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15
Q

The dermis is anchored to the epidermis by…

A

Dermal papillae

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16
Q

What 2 zones is the dermis divided into?

A
  • Papillary layer—superficial areolar tissue -allows mobility of leukocytes & other defense cells, if epidermis torn -rich in small blood vessels
  • Reticular layer—deeper & thicker layer, dense irregular connective tissue - stretch marks (striae)
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17
Q

Describe hypodermis

A
  • subcutaneous tissue
  • mostly areolar & adipose
  • pads body
  • binds skin to underlying tissues
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18
Q

Drugs introduced by injection in the hypodermis are used because the hypodermis is…

A

highly vascular, absorbs them quickly

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19
Q

Describe subcutaneous fat

A
  • energy reservoir
  • thermal insulation
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20
Q

Describe melanin

A

Determines skin color—significant factor; brownish black produced by melanocytes; stimulated by UV radiation

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21
Q

Hemoglobin is associated with the color…

A

red

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22
Q

Carotene is associated with the color…

A

Yellow

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23
Q

What is albinism?

A

Lack of melanin

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24
Q

What is cyanosis?

A

blueness from deficiency of oxygen in circulating blood (COPD)

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25
Q

What is erythema?

A

redness from dilated cutaneous vessels (anger, sunburn, embarrassment

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26
Q

What is jaundice?

A

yellowing from excess of bilirubin in blood (liver disease)

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27
Q

What is bronzing?

A

golden-brown color of Addison disease (deficiency of glucocorticoid hormone)

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28
Q

What is pallor?

A

pale color from lack of blood flow (fear)

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29
Q

What is a hematoma?

A

bruise (visible clot)

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30
Q

What are freckles and moles?

A

tan/black aggregations of melanocytes

  • freckle = flat
  • mole (nevus) = elevated
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31
Q

What are hemangioma?

A
  • birthmarks—patches of discolored skin; benign tumors of dermal blood capillaries
  • strawberry birthmarks disappear in childhood
  • port wine birthmarks last for life
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32
Q

What are flexion creases?

A

form after birth by repeated closing of hand (wrist, hand, elbow)

33
Q

What are flexion lines?

A

Lines that form in wrist and elbow areas

34
Q

Describe hair

A
  • Mostly dead, keratinized cells
  • compact hard keratin makes up hair & nails
  • (pliable soft keratin makes up stratum corneum)
  • slender filament of keratinized cells; grows from oblique tube in skin called hair follicles
  • only on thin skin
35
Q

What is pilus?

A

another name for hair (pili=plural)

36
Q

What are the 3 kinds of hair growth throughout life?

A
  1. Lanugo
  2. Vellus
  3. Terminal
37
Q

Describe lanugo hair

A

fine, downy, unpigmented hair on fetus in last 3 months of development

38
Q

Describe vellum hair

A

fine, pale hair that replaces lanugo by birth

39
Q

Define terminal hair

A

longer, coarser, & usually more heavily pigmented

  • eyebrows, eyelashes, & hair of scalp
  • after puberty, axillary & pubic hair
  • male facial hair, some hair on trunk & limbs
40
Q

Hair is divisible into which 3 zones along length?

A
  1. Bulb: swelling at base where hair originates - only living hair cells
  2. Root: remainder of hair in follicle
  3. Shaft: portion above skin surface
41
Q

Describe dermal papilla

A

bud of vascular connective tissue encased by bulb

provides hair w/ nutrition

42
Q

Describe hair matrix

A
  • region of mitotically active cells immediately above papilla
  • hair’s growth center
43
Q

Identify the structures

A
44
Q

What are the 3 layers in cross sections zones of hair forem inside out?

A
  1. Medulla- core of loosely arranged cells & air spaces
  2. Cortex- bulk of hair, dense cells w/ hard keratin
  3. Cuticle - thin, scaly cells that overlap each other; outer covering
45
Q

What is a follicle?

A

diagonal tube that dips deeply into dermis, even hypodermis

46
Q

What pigments contribute to hair color?

A
  • Eumelanin- contributes to dark hair
  • Phenomelanin- contributes to red color
47
Q

Describe hirsuitsm

A

excessive or undesirable hairiness in non-hairy areas

48
Q

Describe pattern baldness

A
  • hair loss occurs from specific regions of scalp rather than thinning uniformly (alopecia)
  • genetic & hormonal influences
  • baldness allele dominant in males, expressed only in high testosterone levels
  • testosterone causes terminal hair in scalp to be replaced by vellus hair
49
Q

Describe fingernails and toenails

A
  • clear, hard derivatives of stratum corneum
  • very thin, dead cells packed w/ hard keratin
50
Q

Describe the nail plate

A

Hard part of nail

51
Q

What are the 3 parts of the nail plate?

A
  1. Free edge: overhangs fingertip
  2. Nail body: visible attached part of nail
  3. Nail root: extends proximally under overlying skin
52
Q

What are the other nail parts?

A
  • Nail fold—surrounding skin rising above nail
  • Nail groove—separates fold from plate
  • Nail bed—skin underlying nail plate
  • Eponychium (cuticle)—narrow zone of dead skin
  • Nail matrix—growth zone of stratum basale at proximal end of nail - 1 mm growth/week
53
Q

What are the 5 types of glands?

A
  1. Apocrine sweat glands
  2. Eccrine sweat glands
  3. Sebaceous glands
  4. Creuminous glands
  5. Mammary glands
54
Q

What are the 2 types of sweat glands?

A

Apocrine sweat glands and eccrine sweat glands

55
Q

Describe apocrine sweat glands

A
  • in groin, anal region, axilla, areola, bearded area in men; open to hair follicle
  • sweat is thicker, milky, contains fatty acids
56
Q

What is bromhidrosis?

A

body odor produced by bacterial action on fatty acids

57
Q

Describe eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands?

A
  • simple tubular glands; watery perspiration
  • 99% water, pH 4-6, “acid mantle”
58
Q

What is sebum?

A
  • oily secretion produced by sebaceous glands
  • flask-shaped glands w/ short ducts opening into hair follicle
59
Q

Describe a holocrine gland?

A
  • secretion of broken-down cells + product (oil)
  • replaced by mitosis at base of gland
60
Q

Describe ceruminous glands

A
  • only in external ear canal
  • secretions + sebum + dead epithelial cells = earwax (cerumen)
  • keeps pests outs!
61
Q

Describe mammary glands

A

milk-producing glands activated only during pregnancy & lactation

62
Q

Describe skin cancer

A
  • Induced by UV rays of sun
  • most common in fair-skinned & elderly people
  • common cancer; among easiest to treat
  • high survival rates if detected & treated early
63
Q

What are skin cancers named after?

A

Named after the epidermal cells in which it originates

64
Q

Describe basal cell carcinoma

A
  • most common
    • least dangerous, seldom metastasizes
    • Forms in: stratum basal
    • Lesion is: small bump with central depression, beaded edges
65
Q

Describe squamous cell carcinoma

A
  • good recovery chance w/ early detection & surgical removal
    • tends to metastasize; may become lethal
    • Forms in: stratum spinosum
    • Lesion is: raised, reddened, scaly appearance later forming concave ulcer
66
Q

Describe malignant melanoma

A
  • < 5% of skin cancers, but most deadly form
    • treated surgically if caught early
    • metastasizes rapidly; unresponsive to chemotherapy; usually fatal
  • Forms from: melanocytes; often in preexisting mole
67
Q

Describe burns

A
  • UVA & UVB improperly called “tanning rays” & “burning rays”
  • might initiate skin cancer
68
Q

Sunscreens protect from sunburn but unsure if they protect against…

A

Sunscreens protect from sunburn but unsure if they protect against CANCER

69
Q

What are the leading cause of accidentally death?

A
  • Burns due to:fires, kitchen spills, sunlight, ionizing radiation, strong acids or bases, or electrical shock
70
Q

Burn deaths are primarily from…

A
  • Fluid loss
  • infection
  • toxic effects of eschar (burned, dead tissue)
71
Q

What is debridement?

A

removal of eschar

72
Q

Describe first-degree burns

A
  • partial-thickness burn; involves only epidermis
  • redness, slight edema, & pain
  • heals in few days
  • most sunburns
73
Q

Describe second-degree burns

A
  1. partial-thickness burn; involves epidermis & part of dermis
  2. leaves part of dermis intact
  3. two weeks to several months to heal; may scar
  4. blistered; very painful
74
Q

Describe third degree burns

A
  • full-thickness burn; involves epidermis & all of dermis, & often Some deeper tissues (muscles)
  • Often requires skin grafts, fluid replacement & infection control
75
Q

Describe autograph

A

tissue taken from another location on same person’s body

76
Q

Describe isograft

A

skin from identical twin

77
Q

Describe homograft (allograft)

A

from unrelated person

78
Q

Describe heterograpft (xenograft)

A

from another species

79
Q

What are other ways for skin grafting?

A

Artificial skin from silicone and collagen

Anatomy and Physiology (13 decks)

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