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Ch2 Chemistry of Life Flashcards

The chemistry of life

1
Q

What is an element?

A

Simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties

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2
Q

Atomic number of element is defined by…

A

of protons in its nucleus

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3
Q

What is atomic mass?

A

Both protons + neutrons

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4
Q

What does AMU stand for?

A

Atomic mass unit

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5
Q

What type of charge do protons have?

A

Positive charge= 1 amu

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6
Q

What type of charge does do neutrons have?

A

no charge, mass= 1amu

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7
Q

What type of charge do electrons have?

A

Negative charge, negligible mass

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8
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Atom with different number of neutrons

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9
Q

What is a radioisotope?

A

Unstable isotope that gives off radiation

Ex) carbon 14 decays to carbon 12

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10
Q

What does high energy radiation create and is it harmful?

A

Free radicals — harmful

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11
Q

What are ions?

A

Charged particles with unequal number of protons and electrons

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12
Q

What type of charge do ions have?

A

Electric

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13
Q

What is ionization?

A

Transferring electrons from one atom to another — as a result, both are charged

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14
Q

What is anion and what type of charge does it have?

A

Atom that gains electrons — negative charge

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15
Q

What is a cation and what type of charge does it have?

A

Atom that loses electrons — positive charge

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16
Q

Ions are ____ to each other, form ____ bond

A

Ions are ATTRACTED to each other, form IONIC bond

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17
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

Salts that ionize in water

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18
Q

What are electrolytes capable of conducting?

A

Electric current

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19
Q

What are 3 reasons why electrolytes are important?

A
  1. Chemical reactivity
  2. Electrical effects on nerve and muscle tissue
  3. Osmotic effects
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20
Q

Muscle cramps, brittle bones, coma, and cardiac arrest are examples of…

A

Electrolyte imbalance

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21
Q

What are free radicals?

A

Chemical particles with odd number of electrons

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22
Q

What are free radicals produced by?

A

Normal metabolic reactions, radiation, and chemicals

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23
Q

Free radicals can cause…

A

Tissue damage, cancer, aging

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24
Q

What do antioxidants do?

A

Neutralizes free radicals

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25
Q

What are molecules?

A

Chemical particles composed of 2 or more atoms united by a chemical bond
Ex) H2, 02, N2, glucose

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26
Q

What are compounds?

A

Molecules composed of 2 or more different elements

Ex) h20, urea, glucose

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27
Q

All compounds are ____ but not all _____ are compounds

A

All compounds are MOLECULES but not all MOLECULES are compounds

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28
Q

What are chemical bonds?

A

Forces that hold molecules together

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29
Q

What are 4 types of chemical bonds?

A
  1. Van deer Waals forces
  2. Ionic bonds
  3. Covalent bonds
  4. Hydrogen bonds
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30
Q

Ionic bonds are an attraction of ___ to ____

A

Ionic bonds are an attraction of ANION to CATION

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31
Q

What is a single covalent bond?

A

One pair of electrons shared

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32
Q

What is a double covalent bond?

A

Two pairs of electrons shared

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33
Q

What is a non-polar covalent bond?

A

Electrons share equally

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34
Q

What is a polar covalent bond?

A

Electrons shared unequally

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35
Q

Between what molecules do you mostly see hyrdrogen bonds?

A

Water molecule

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36
Q

What are Van dear Waals forces?

A

Weak, brief attractions between neutral atoms

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37
Q

Van der Waals forces are X percent as strong as covalent bonds..

A

1%

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38
Q

What are isomers?

A

Molecules with identical molecular formulae but different arrangement of their atoms

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39
Q

What are mixtures?

A

Substances that are physically blended but not chemically combined

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40
Q

Most mixtures in our bodies are…

A

Chemicals dissolved or suspended in water

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41
Q

What 5 things make water unique and able to support life?

A
  1. Adhesion
  2. Cohesion
  3. Chemical reactivity
  4. Thermal stability
  5. Solvency
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42
Q

What is solvency?

A

Ability to dissolve other chemicals

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43
Q

What is a “universal solvent”?

A

Water

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44
Q

Virtually all metabolic reactions depend on solvency of…

A

WATER

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45
Q

What is hydrophllic?

A

“Water- loving” dissolves well in water

Ex) salt & water

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46
Q

What is hydrophobic?

A

“Water-hating” - doesn’t dissolve well in water

Ex) oil

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47
Q

What is adhesion?

A

Tendency of one substance to cling onto another ; body membranes
Ex) pleurae)

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48
Q

What is cohesion?

A

Tendency of like-molecules to cling to each other

Ex) surface tension

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49
Q

What is chemical reactivity?

A

Ability to participate in chemical reactions

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50
Q

Water ___ other chemicals (acids & salts)

A

Water IONIZES other chemicals (acids& salt)

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51
Q

What 2 type of reactions is water involved in?

A

Hydrolysis and dehydration

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52
Q

What does thermal stability do?

A

Help stabilize internal temperature of body

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53
Q

___ ____ is an effective coolant

A

Thermal stability is an effective coolant

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54
Q

Weight of solute in given volume of solution is called…

Ex) IV saline = 8.5g/L NaCl

A

Weight per volume

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55
Q

What is weight or volume of solute in solution expressed as?

Ex) g per 100ml

5g dextrose in 100ml solution= 5% dextrose

A

Percentage

56
Q

Define molarity

A

of moles of solute per liter in solution

57
Q

Physiologic effects of chemical based on _________ in solution, not weight

A

Physiologic effects of chemical based on NUMBER OF MOLECULES in solution, not weight

58
Q

What is a mole?

A

Set number of molecules (Avogadro’s number)

59
Q

6.023 x 10 23rd power molecules is equal to

60
Q

Molecular weight of compound is…

A

The sum of atomic weights of its atoms

61
Q

Calculate MW of glucose

(C6H12O6)

C6=12amu
H1=1amu
O6=16amu

A

6 C atoms X 12 amu each =72amu

12 H atoms x 1 amu each=12 amu

6 O atoms x 16amu each= 96

72+12+96=180amu

180g of glucose has Avogadro’s number of molecules= 1 mole glucose

Molarity= moles per liter of solution

1M solution of glucose = 180g glucose in 1 L water

62
Q

What is preferred in biological solutions, percentage or molar?

63
Q 
In percentage
# of molecules is \_\_\_\_ & weight of solute is \_\_\_\_\_
A 
In percentage,
# of molecules is unequal & weight of solute is equal
64
Q 
In molar,
# of molecules is \_\_\_\_ & weight of solute is \_\_\_\_
A 
In molar,
# of molecules is equal & weight of solute is unequal
65
Q

What term is used to define the concentration of electrolytes?

A

Equivalents

66
Q

Some water molecules break into…

67
Q

Acids are…

A

Proton donors

68
Q

Base are…

A

Proton acceptors

69
Q

Molarity of hydrogen ions determines…

70
Q

What is a neutral pH?

A

7 (H+ = OH-)

71
Q

What is an acidic pH?

A

<7 (H+ > OH-)

72
Q

What’s a basic pH?

A

> 7 (OH- > H+)

73
Q

pH is the measurement of the ___ of H+ (hydrogen ions)

A

pH is the measurement of the MOLARITY of the H+ (hydrogen ions)

74
Q

What helps resist changes in pH?

75
Q

Slight pH ____ can disrupt physiological functions

A

Slight pH DISTURBANCES can disrupt physiological functions

76
Q

The pH of blood ranges from…

77
Q

Deviations from what can cause tremors, paralysis and even death?

78
Q

What is the process in which covalent or ionic bond is formed or broken?

A

Chemical reaction

79
Q

In a chemical equation, what is on the left and on the right?

A

Reactants on left, products on right

80
Q

Large molecules breaking down into 2 or more smaller ones is what type of chemical reaction?

A

Decomposition reaction

81
Q

How is a decomposition equation written?

A

AB —> A+B

82
Q

2 or more small molecules combining to form a larger one is what type of chemical reaction?

A

Synthesis reaction

83
Q

How would a synthesis reaction be written?

A

A+B —> AB

84
Q

2 molecules exchanging atoms or a group of atoms is is…

A

Exchange chemical reaction

85
Q

How is an exchange reaction written?

A

AB + CD —> ABCD —> AC + BD

86
Q

What type of chemical reaction can go either way?

A

Reversible reactions

CO2 + H2O —> H2CO3 —> HCO3- + H+

87
Q

Concentration, temperature, catalysts, and enzymes affect what type of rates?

A

Reaction rates

88
Q

What’s the most important biological catalyst?

89
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Chemical reactions of the body

90
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Energy- releasing (exergonic) decomposition

-breaks covalent bonds and produces smaller molecules

91
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Energy-storing (endergonic) reaction

  • requires energy input
  • production of proteins or fats
92
Q

In oxidation, molecules ___ ___ electrons, and releases ____

A

In oxidation, molecules GIVES UP electrons, RELEASES energy

93
Q

In reduction, molecules ___ electrons, and ____ energy

A

In reduction, molecules GAIN electrons and GAIN energy

94
Q

LEO says GER (what does it stand for?)

A

Lose an Electron= Oxidation (LEO)

Gain an Electron= Reduction (GER)

95
Q

What type of reaction is defined by oxidation of one molecule always accompanied by the reduction of another?

A

Redox (oxidation-reduction) reaction

Are +B —> A + Be-

Zn + 2HCl —> Zn2+ +
H2 + 2Cl

96
Q

What is the study of compounds containing carbon?

A

Organic chemistry

97
Q

Wha are the 4 categories of carbon compounds?

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic acids
98
Q

What are small clusters of atoms attached to carbon backbone called?

A

Functional groups

99
Q

What do functional groups determine?

A

Properties of organic molecules

100
Q

What is polymerization and how is it formed?

A

Joining monomers to form polymer (Make many things from something small) & formed by dehydration synthesis (lost a water molecule in process)

101
Q

Splitting polymer (lysis) by adding water molecule (hydro) is..

A

Hydrolysis

102
Q

Carbohydrates are … (water -loving)

A

Hydrophilic

103
Q

What type of shape are carbohydrates?

104
Q

Glucose, galactose, and fructose are all types of what carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides (single sugar)

All isomers of each other

105
Q

Sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk’s sugars) and maltose (grain products) are types of what carbohydrates?

A

Disaccharides

106
Q

Oligosaccharides are ___ chains of monosaccharides (3 or more)

A

Oligosaccharides are SHORT chains of monosaccharides (3 or more)

107
Q

Polysaccharides are ___ chains of monosaccharides (~50)

A

Polysaccharides are LONG chains of monosaccharides (~50)

108
Q

What are the 3 top types of polysaccharides?

A
  1. Glycogen -energy storage polysaccharides in animals
  2. Starch - energy storage polysaccharides in plants
  3. Cellulose - structural molecule of plant cell walls
109
Q

What are hydrophobic organic molecules?

A

Lipids

- less oxidized than carbohydrates, thus more cal/g

110
Q

What are the 5 primary types of lipids in women?

A
  1. Steroids
  2. Eicosanoids
  3. Phospholipids
  4. Triglycerides
  5. Fatty acids
111
Q

What type os fatty acids resist enzymatic breakdown, circulate longer, and deposits in arteries?

A

Trans-fatty acid

112
Q

A type of lipid made up of 3 fatty acids plus glycerol?

A

Triglyceride (neutral fats)

113
Q

Triglycerides at room temp:

Solids =
Liquid =

A

Triglycerides at room temp:

Solids = fats
Liquid = oils
114
Q

Phospholipids are one fatty acid replaced by ____ group

A

Phospholipids are one fatty acid replaced by PHOSPHATE group (structural foundation of cell membrane)

115
Q

What type of lipids are amphiphilic?

A

Phospholipids

116
Q

Eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acids, function like _______ chemicals that go between cells (ex, prostaglandins)

A

Eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acids, function like HORMONE-LIKE chemicals that go between cells (ex, prostaglandins)

117
Q

Steroids are 4 ringed lipids, derived from _____.

A

Steroids are 4 ringed lipids, derived from CHOLESTEROL.

118
Q

Cortisol, progesterone, estrogens, testosterones, & bile acids are examples of….

119
Q

What is an important component of cell membranes?

A

Cholesterol

120
Q

Dietary cholesterol comes from ____ products 15% diet, 85% internally synthesized

A

Dietary cholesterol comes from ANIMAL products 15% diet, 85% internally synthesized

121
Q

What word refers to lipoproteins in blood?

A

Cholesterol

122
Q

What is the “good” cholesterol?

A

HDL (high density lipoprotein - lower ratio of lipid to protein)

123
Q

What is the “bad” cholesterol?

A

LDL (low density lipoprotein - high ratio of lipid to protein)

124
Q

What is the most versatile biomolecule?

125
Q

Proteins are polymers of ____ ____

A

Proteins are polymers of amino acids (central carbon with 3 attachments, 20 kinds)

126
Q

Desaturation is a loss of ____

A

Conformation/structure

127
Q

What are the 4 protein structures?

A
  1. Primary - sequence of amino acids
  2. Secondary - pattern caused by interaction of nearby amino acids
  3. Tertiary - connections between amino acids far apart along chain
  4. Quaternary - two chains folded together (not very common)
128
Q

What are 7 roles of proteins?

A
  1. Structure
  2. Communication
  3. Membrane transport
  4. Recognition & defense
  5. Contraction (movement)
  6. Cell adhesion
  7. Catalyst
129
Q

Proteins that function as biological catalysts are…

130
Q

Enzymes…

  • ____ activation energy
  • uses lock & key mechanism
  • covalent bond of substrate broken
  • enzyme itself ____
  • astonishing speed
  • sensitive to changes in ___ or ____
A

Enzymes…

  • LOWERS activation energy
  • uses lock & key mechanism
  • covalent bond of substrate broken
  • enzyme itself UNCHANGED
  • astonishing speed
  • sensitive to changes in pH or TEMPERATURE
131
Q

Cofactors are:

  • nonprotein partners
  • bind to ____ & change it’s ___
  • essential to function
A

Cofactors are:

  • nonprotein partners
  • bind to ENZYME & change it’s SHAPE
  • essential to function
132
Q

Coenzymes are:

  • organic cofactors derived from ___-soluable vitamins
  • transfer electrons between ____
A

Coenzymes are:

  • organic cofactors derived from WATER-soluable vitamins
  • transfer electrons between ENZYMES
133
Q

Nitrogenous base, sugar, and one or more phosphate groups are 3 components of…

A

Nucleotides

134
Q

What is the body’s most important energy-transfer molecule?

A

ATP (adenine, ribose, phosphate group)

135
Q

Adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases) hydrolyzed 3rd high-energy ____ bond

A

Adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases) hydrolyzed 3rd high-energy PHOSPHATE bond

136
Q

Other nucleotides besides ATP

A

GTP (guanosine triphosphate) & cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate - “second messenger” within cell”)

137
Q

Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides and include…

Anatomy and Physiology (13 decks)

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