CH9 Flashcards by Alyssa Udarbe

kidney

two organs whose primarily function is to remove waste products from blood and produce
urine

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ureter

one from each kidney; transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

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urethra

a single duct that carries the urine from the bladder to the meatus to be excreted

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urinary bladder

a collapsible muscular bag that serves as a reservoir for the urine until it is
expelled

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nephrology

branch of medicine involved in diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of
the kidney; physician is a nephrologist

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excretion

the process of forming and releasing a substance externally from the body

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urology

branch of medicine involved in diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the
urinary system (and male reproductive system); physician is a urologist

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filtration

the process of passing through a filter; : the glomerulus filters water, salts, wastes and
practically everything except blood cells and proteins to pass through the walls of the capillaries

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glomerulus

one of the millions of encapsulated microscopic capillary beds within the kidney that
are responsible for the filtration of waste products out the blood and where the production of urine
begins

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hilum

the depression on the inner border of the kidney where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and
nerves enter or leave the kidney

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meatus

a tubular opening, passageway or canal that leads into or from the body

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nephron

the functional unit of the kidney; each nephron forms urine

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parenchyma

the cells and structures which are performing the organ’s primary function as opposed to cells that are structural or supporting tissue

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reabsorption

this stage of urine production involves returning water, nutrients, and electrolytes to the bloodstream

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renal medulla

refers to the middle or center region of the kidney

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renal cortex

the outer region of the kidney

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renal sinus

a hollow cavity within the kidney that is occupied by the renal pelvis and renal calyces

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renal tubules

responsible for the secretion and reabsorption of fluids and electrolytes to maintain
homeostasis

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retroperitoneal

pertaining to being located behind the peritoneum; the kidneys are retroperitoneal organs, meaning they lay outside of the double-layered peritoneum

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rugae

folds within the internal bladder wall that allow it to stretch and collapse

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secretion

to form and release a substance internally, such as hormones or urine

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sphincter

a ring-shaped muscle that surround a body opening or exit acting as a one-way valve

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acute renal failure

a sudden onset of kidney failure that is of short duration

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anuria

complete suppression of urine formed by the kidneys and a complete lack of urine excretion

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bacteriuria

a condition of bacteria in the urinary tract

calculus

a stone; formed within an organ by an accumulation of mineral salts

cystalgia

urinary bladder pain

cystitis

urinary bladder inflammation

dysuria

difficult or painful urination

enuresis

the inability to control urination

glycosuria

presence of sugar in the urine

hematuria

presence of blood in the urine

hydronephrosis

distention (bloating/swelling) of the renal pelvis due to urine building up in the kidney

hypospadias

a congenital defect in which the urinary meatus is located below its usual location; usually seen in males with the opening on the underside of the penis

ketonuria

presence of ketones in the urine; occurs when the body burns fat instead of glucose for energy, such as during weight loss or uncontrolled diabetes mellitus

lithotripsy

destroying or crushing kidney stones

nephrolithiasis

the presence of calculi in the kidney

nephrolith, renal calculus

a kidney stone

nephroma

abnormal growth/tumor of the kidney

nephromalacia

abnormal softening of the kidney

nephromegaly

abnormal enlargement of the kidney

nephropathy

general term describing the presence of kidney disease

nephroptosis

a floating, prolapse, or drooping kidney; a kidney that is not in its normal place

nephrosclerosis

abnormal hardening of the arteries within the kidney

nephrotoxic

any substance that is toxic or destructive to kidney cells

nocturia

excessive/frequent nighttime urination

nocturnal enuresis

pertaining to bed-wetting at night but the person is otherwise continent

oliguria

condition of scanty amount of urine production

polyuria

excessive secretion of urine due to excessive intake of fluids; may also cause an increase in number of times one urinates

pyelitis

inflammation/infection of the renal pelvis

pyelonephritis

inflammation/infection of the renal pelvis and the kidney

pyuria

presence of pus in the urine

stress incontinence

the leakage of urine due to coughing, sneezing, or straining

stricture/stenosis

an abnormal narrowing of a passage in the body

uremia

an accumulation of toxic waste products in the blood

urethritis

inflammation of the urethra

urinary frequency

abnormally frequent urination; does not indicate an increase in amount of urine production, but rather an abnormal increase in the number of times a person urinates

urinary retention

incomplete emptying of the bladder

urinary tract infection (UTI)

an infection of one or more structures of the urinary system: urethritis, cystitis, ureteritis, pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis

vesicoureteral reflux

the abnormal backward flow of urine from the bladder into the ureters

cystoscope

instrument used to visually examine the inside of the urinary bladder

hemodialysis

the process of using an artificial kidney machine to remove wastes from the blood

specific gravity

a test that indicates the amount of dissolved substances in urine; the higher the concentrated or number of dissolved substances there is, the higher the specific gravity

urinalysis

a test that analyzes the chemical, physical & microscopic characteristics of urine

cystoplasty

surgical repair of the urinary bladder

cystoscopy

procedure in which a lighted instrument is inserted through the meatus and into the bladder to view it

catheter

a flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body

cyst/o

sac, bladder, pouch

glycos/o

sugar

hem/o, hemat/o

blood

hydr/o

water

lith/o

stones

meat/o

meatus, opening

noct/i

night

olig/o

scarce

py/o

pus

pyel/o

renal pelvis

ren/o, nephr/o

kidney

ur/o, urin/o

urine

-ectomy

surgical removal

-emia

blood

-lith

stone

-lithiasis

condition of stones

-malacia

softening

-megaly

enlarged

-oma

tumor

-pathy

disease

-pexy

surgical fixation

-plasty

surgical repair

-ptosis

fall out of proper position

-sclerosis

hardening

-stenosis

narrowing

-tripsy

surgical crushing

-ule

small

-uria

urine condition

a-, an-

without

dys-

painful, bad

poly-

many (excessive)