CH9 Flashcards
kidney
two organs whose primarily function is to remove waste products from blood and produce
urine
ureter
one from each kidney; transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
urethra
a single duct that carries the urine from the bladder to the meatus to be excreted
urinary bladder
a collapsible muscular bag that serves as a reservoir for the urine until it is
expelled
nephrology
branch of medicine involved in diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of
the kidney; physician is a nephrologist
excretion
the process of forming and releasing a substance externally from the body
urology
branch of medicine involved in diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the
urinary system (and male reproductive system); physician is a urologist
filtration
the process of passing through a filter; : the glomerulus filters water, salts, wastes and
practically everything except blood cells and proteins to pass through the walls of the capillaries
glomerulus
one of the millions of encapsulated microscopic capillary beds within the kidney that
are responsible for the filtration of waste products out the blood and where the production of urine
begins
hilum
the depression on the inner border of the kidney where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and
nerves enter or leave the kidney
meatus
a tubular opening, passageway or canal that leads into or from the body
nephron
the functional unit of the kidney; each nephron forms urine
parenchyma
the cells and structures which are performing the organ’s primary function as opposed to cells that are structural or supporting tissue
reabsorption
this stage of urine production involves returning water, nutrients, and electrolytes to the bloodstream
renal medulla
refers to the middle or center region of the kidney
renal cortex
the outer region of the kidney
renal sinus
a hollow cavity within the kidney that is occupied by the renal pelvis and renal calyces
renal tubules
responsible for the secretion and reabsorption of fluids and electrolytes to maintain
homeostasis
retroperitoneal
pertaining to being located behind the peritoneum; the kidneys are retroperitoneal organs, meaning they lay outside of the double-layered peritoneum
rugae
folds within the internal bladder wall that allow it to stretch and collapse
secretion
to form and release a substance internally, such as hormones or urine
sphincter
a ring-shaped muscle that surround a body opening or exit acting as a one-way valve
acute renal failure
a sudden onset of kidney failure that is of short duration
anuria
complete suppression of urine formed by the kidneys and a complete lack of urine excretion
bacteriuria
a condition of bacteria in the urinary tract
calculus
a stone; formed within an organ by an accumulation of mineral salts
cystalgia
urinary bladder pain
cystitis
urinary bladder inflammation
dysuria
difficult or painful urination
enuresis
the inability to control urination
glycosuria
presence of sugar in the urine
hematuria
presence of blood in the urine
hydronephrosis
distention (bloating/swelling) of the renal pelvis due to urine building up in the kidney
hypospadias
a congenital defect in which the urinary meatus is located below its usual location; usually seen in males with the opening on the underside of the penis
ketonuria
presence of ketones in the urine; occurs when the body burns fat instead of glucose for energy, such as during weight loss or uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
lithotripsy
destroying or crushing kidney stones
nephrolithiasis
the presence of calculi in the kidney
nephrolith, renal calculus
a kidney stone
nephroma
abnormal growth/tumor of the kidney
nephromalacia
abnormal softening of the kidney
nephromegaly
abnormal enlargement of the kidney
nephropathy
general term describing the presence of kidney disease
nephroptosis
a floating, prolapse, or drooping kidney; a kidney that is not in its normal place
nephrosclerosis
abnormal hardening of the arteries within the kidney
nephrotoxic
any substance that is toxic or destructive to kidney cells
nocturia
excessive/frequent nighttime urination
nocturnal enuresis
pertaining to bed-wetting at night but the person is otherwise continent
oliguria
condition of scanty amount of urine production
polyuria
excessive secretion of urine due to excessive intake of fluids; may also cause an increase in number of times one urinates
pyelitis
inflammation/infection of the renal pelvis
pyelonephritis
inflammation/infection of the renal pelvis and the kidney
pyuria
presence of pus in the urine
stress incontinence
the leakage of urine due to coughing, sneezing, or straining
stricture/stenosis
an abnormal narrowing of a passage in the body
uremia
an accumulation of toxic waste products in the blood
urethritis
inflammation of the urethra
urinary frequency
abnormally frequent urination; does not indicate an increase in amount of urine production, but rather an abnormal increase in the number of times a person urinates
urinary retention
incomplete emptying of the bladder
urinary tract infection (UTI)
an infection of one or more structures of the urinary system: urethritis, cystitis, ureteritis, pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis
vesicoureteral reflux
the abnormal backward flow of urine from the bladder into the ureters
cystoscope
instrument used to visually examine the inside of the urinary bladder
hemodialysis
the process of using an artificial kidney machine to remove wastes from the blood
specific gravity
a test that indicates the amount of dissolved substances in urine; the higher the
concentrated or number of dissolved substances there is, the higher the specific gravity
urinalysis
a test that analyzes the chemical, physical & microscopic characteristics of urine
cystoplasty
surgical repair of the urinary bladder
cystoscopy
procedure in which a lighted instrument is inserted through the meatus and into the bladder to view it
catheter
a flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body
cyst/o
sac, bladder, pouch
glycos/o
sugar
hem/o, hemat/o
blood
hydr/o
water
lith/o
stones
meat/o
meatus, opening
noct/i
night
olig/o
scarce
py/o
pus
pyel/o
renal pelvis
ren/o, nephr/o
kidney
ur/o, urin/o
urine
-ectomy
surgical removal
-emia
blood
-lith
stone
-lithiasis
condition of stones
-malacia
softening
-megaly
enlarged
-oma
tumor
-pathy
disease
-pexy
surgical fixation
-plasty
surgical repair
-ptosis
fall out of proper position
-sclerosis
hardening
-stenosis
narrowing
-tripsy
surgical crushing
-ule
small
-uria
urine condition
a-, an-
without
dys-
painful, bad
poly-
many (excessive)
