CH8 Flashcards
The Digestive System Function
- begins breaking down food through
mechanical and chemical digestion - After being digested, nutrient molecules are absorbed into the body and enter the bloodstream
- Any food not digested or absorbed is eliminated as solid waste
mechanical/chemical digestion -> nutrients absorbed into bloodstream ->
Primary Structures
Consist of all the structures of the continuous lumen of
digestion tract that starts at the mouth
and ends at the anus
1. oral cavity
2. pharynx
3. esophagus
4. stomach
5. small intestine
6. duodenum
7. jejunum
8. ileum
9. large intestine
10. ascending colon
11. transverse colon
12. descending colon
13. sigmoid colon
14. rectum
15. anus
15
Accessory Organs
organs that participate in digestion process, but are not part of the continuous alimentary canal; they are connected to the GI system by ducts
* Salivary glands
* Liver
* Gallbladder
* Pancreas
Names of the digestive system
- digestive system
- alimentary tract
- gut
- gastrointestinal (GI) system
buccal
bucc/o
cheek
gloss/o / ingu/o
tongue
pharyngeal
pharynx/throat
Epiglottis
A structure above the glottis that
drops down over the glottis during
swallowing, and shunts food into
the esophagus
epi-
above, upon, over
esophagus
Muscular tube linking the pharynx
to the stomach
-us
structure, thing
gastric
gastr/o
stomach
rugae
Folds in an organ that allow that
organ to expand and contract to
accommodate the change in the
size of its content (i.e. - stomach,
urinary bladder)
Small intestines
enteral; Consists of the: duodenum,
jejunum, and ileum
duodenum
du-oh-dee-num
1st segment of the small intestine
-um
structure, tissue, thing
jejunum
je-jew-num
2nd segment
ileum
3rd segment of small intestine
ascending colon
1st right lateral section
transverse colon
2nd superior horizantal section
trans-
across, through
rectum
rect/o
Terminal part of the colon; stores
feces until defecation
-al
pertaining to
small bowel
small intestine
defecation
aka – bowel
movement
the action of excreting of feces
fees, stool
Undigested waste material
Pertaining to feces
peristalsis
Wave-like, contraction and
relaxation of the intestinal wall to
move food along the digestive tract
peritoneum
A double-layered membrane lining
the abdominal cavity
sphincter
Rings of smooth muscle in the GI
tract that can close, preventing
passage of contents; they also serve
as one-way valves
Salivary glands
Exocrine glands that produce saliva
and secrete it into the oral cavity
Pertaining to saliva
parotid gland
Salivary glands located near the ears
Pertaining to being beside the ear
par-
near, beside
sublingual gland
Pertaining to below the tongue, such
as a sublingual medication
sub-
under, below
submandibular
gland
Salivary glands located in the
mandibular area
Pertaining to below the mandible
liver
vital organ with many functions: metabolizes carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
* detoxification of drugs/alcohol/toxins
* produces bile
* the largest internal organ
hepatic
hapat/o
liver
pancreas
Organ that produces enzymes that
help digest food and hormones
(insulin and glucagon) that regulate
blood sugar levels; located in the
RUQ behind the stomach
crown
The portion of a tooth above the
gumline; covered by enamel
enamel
Hardest substance in the body; covers
the surface of a tooth
gingiva
gingiv/o
Gums; Tissue surrounding the teeth and
covering the jaw
hernia
Protrusion of a structure
through the tissue that it normally
contains
inguinal hernia
A part of the intestine protrudes
through the abdominal wall into
the inguinal canal
nausea
Involuntary desire to vomit
prolapse
An organ or tissue that falls out
of its normal position
cleft palate
A congenital opening or split in
the palate
Congenital = present at birth
halitosis
Bad odor of the breath
dys-
bad, difficut, abnormal
anorexia
loss of appetite
an-
without, no, not
dyspepsia
Difficult digestion; “upset
stomach,”; may include
epigastric pain, nausea, and gas
emesis
vomit
hyperemesis
Excessive vomiting related to
pregnancy
hematemesis
VO blood
pyloric stenosis
Abnormal narrowing of the
pyloric sphincter; a congenital
defect that impedes the flow of
food into the small intestine,
causing frequent emesis
pyrosis
A sensation of painful burning of
the stomach/epigastric area
re-
again, back
regurgitation
The backwards flow of fluids or
solids from one body
compartment to another, such
as the stomach contents into the
mouth
enteritis
Inflammation/infection of the
small intestines
mal-
bad, difficult, abnormal
appendicitis
inflammation/infection of the appendix
bowel incontinence
inability to control defecation
colitis
inflammation of the large intestine (colon)
col/o
large intestine
diarrhea
abnormally frequent and loose stools
diverticulosis
Condition of having diverticula; small pockets form in the colon
diverticulitis
Inflammation and/or infection of
diverticula
volvulus
A torsion (twisting) of the
intestine around itself
hemorrhoid
A dilated vein in the wall of the
anal canal
fissure
A tear or crack in a tissue; such
as an anal fissure
fistula
An abnormal, tube-like
passageway that connects two
body structures
cirrhosis
A chronic, progressive liver
disease that is characterized by
fibrosis or damage of the liver; alcoholism is
the most common cause
hepatitis
inflamamtion of liver
hepatomegaly
abnormal enlargement of the liver
cholecystitis
inflammation of gallbladder
cholelithiasis
gallstones
pacreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
periodontal
Pertaining to around a tooth;
periodontal structures include the
gingiva, cementum, jawbone
bariatrics
treatment of obesity
lavage
irrigating a body cavity with fluid
gastric lavage
irrigation of stomach
cholecystectomy
surgical removal of gallbladder
colonoscopy
procedure of viewing the inside of the colon
colostomy
Artificial opening from the colon to
the surface of the abdomen
laparoscopy
Examination of contents within
abdomen using an endoscope
proctopexy
A surgical procedure to fix or
suspend the rectum in place
antacid
agent that neutralizes stomach acids
colon/o
large intestine
antiemetic
agent used to treat nausea, VO, and motion sickness
laxative
agents used to treat constipation by stimulating a bowel movement
