CH 11 Flashcards
1
Q
acr/o
A
extremities
2
Q
aden/o
A
gland
3
Q
adren/o
A
adrenal glands
4
Q
andr/o
A
male
5
Q
crin/o
A
to secrete
6
Q
glyc/o
A
sugar
7
Q
kal/i
A
potassium
8
Q
ket/o
A
ketones
9
Q
natr/o
A
sodium
10
Q
somat/o
A
body
11
Q
-dipsia
A
thirst
12
Q
-ectomy
A
surgical removal, to cut out
13
Q
-emia
A
blood condition
14
Q
-gen
A
generate, produce
15
Q
-megaly
A
enlarged
16
Q
-oma
A
tumor
17
Q
-osis
A
abnormal condition
18
Q
-pathy
A
disease
19
Q
-tropic
A
pertaining to stimulating
20
Q
-tropin
A
to stimulate
21
Q
-uria
A
urine condition
22
Q
endo-
A
withing
23
Q
ex-
A
outward
24
Q
hyper-
A
excessive
25
hypo-
insufficient
26
pan-
all
27
poly-
many, excessive
28
endocrinology –
the science of the structure and function of the endocrine system, as well as the
science used for diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the endocrine system; one who specializes in this field is an endocrinologist
29
adrenal medulla –
produces catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) which are used to regulate the heart rate and blood pressure as well as stimulating the fight-or-flight response when a person is stressed or in a dangerous situation
30
androgens –
male sex hormones having masculinizing effects; produces the development of secondary male sex characteristics, such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone
31
chemical messenger –
any compound that serves to transmit a message within the body
32
circadian rhythm –
an internal biological clock that controls body rhythms (i.e. - sleep-wake cycle)
33
cortex –
the outer portion of an organ or structure
34
endocrine gland –
a gland that secretes its chemical messengers directly into the bloodstream
35
exocrine gland –
a gland with ducts that enable it to empty excretions onto an external or internal
body surface
36
gland –
a group of cells or tissues that manufacture a substance that is either secreted into or
excreted within or on the body
37
hormone –
a chemical messenger that is secreted directly into the blood stream
38
medulla –
the inner portion/layer of an organ or structure
39
negative feedback–
the elevation of one hormone above homeostatic set point results in an opposing action to decrease the hormone’s levels
40
positive feedback system –
oxytocin is one of the few hormones that operates on positive feedback; oxytocin release is stimulated by pressure on the uterus; as oxytocin increases the pituitary gland is stimulated to produce more oxytocin until the baby is born
41
pancreas –
controls blood glucose level via insulin and glucagon release; plays a key role in diabetes
42
parathyroid glands –
cause breakdown of the calcium in the bones to move calcium into the blood
43
pineal gland –
the gland responsible for circadian rhythm through its secretion of the hormone melatonin
44
pituitary gland –
called the “master gland” because it controls many of the other glands with the hormones it secretes
45
thymus gland –
the gland of immunity and has cells (T cells) named for it
46
thyroid gland –
stimulates metabolism by controlling how fast the body breaks down food and usesfuel to create energy and moves calcium from the blood to the bones
47
adrenocorticotropic hormone –
stimulates secretion of hormones from the adrenal glands’ outer layer/cortex
48
antidiuretic hormone –
causes the kidneys to decrease urine output
49
gonadotropin –
any of a group of hormones that regulate the gonads, including the production of
eggs in the female and sperm in the male
50
growth hormone (GH)/ somatotropin –
stimulates the body’s cell growth and development
51
melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) –
stimulates melanin synthesis in melanocytes (“black
cells); melanocytes within the hair, skin and eyes produce a black/brown pigment; how much color
these cells produce depends on how much they are stimulated
52
norepinephrine –
causes constriction of blood vessels; synthetic norepinephrine is commonly used as a vasoconstrictor in the treatment of shock
53
parathormone –
secreted in response to hypocalcemia; it is released to stimulate bone breakdown
in order to increase blood calcium levels
54
autocrine signaling –
release of chemical messenger by a cell that act on the same cell
55
paracrine signaling –
release of chemical messenger by a cell that act on neighboring cells
56
nervous system vs endocrine signaling –
the nervous system sends and ends signaling within milliseconds; whereas the endocrine system signaling takes time to release and inhibit hormones
57
inhibition –
the action of a hormone or drug therapy that restricts the release of a hormone or stops the action the hormone was intended to stimulate
58
hypercalcemia –
condition of having a high level of calcium in the blood
59
hypocalcemia –
condition of having an insufficient level of calcium in the blood
60
hyperglycemia –
condition of having a high level of sugar in the blood
61
hypoglycemia –
a condition of having an insufficient level of sugar in the blood
62
hyperkalemia –
the condition of having high levels of potassium in the blood
63
hypokalemia –
the condition of having an insufficient level of potassium in the blood
64
hypernatremia –
condition of having excessive levels of sodium in the blood
65
hyponatremia –
condition of having an insufficient level of sodium in the blood
66
acromegaly –
elongation and enlargement of the bones of the head and extremities; due to an excessive amount of growth hormone after puberty
67
adenocarcinoma –
a malignant tumors of a gland
68
adenoma –
a benign tumor of a gland
69
adenopathy –
any disease of a gland
70
adrenalitis –
inflammation of one or both adrenal glands
71
adrenomegaly –
enlargement of one or both adrenal glands
72
classic symptoms of hyperglycemia –
polyphagia, polydipsia and polyuria
73
Cushing’s Syndrome –
hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex, which results in excessive circulating cortisol levels, obesity, moon face, muscular weakness, and changes in body appearance
74
diabetes insipidus –
insufficient production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) causes excessive thirst and copious (excessive) amounts of urine
75
endocrinopathy –
general term for diseases of the endocrine system
76
exophthalmos –
protrusion (bulging outward) of the eyes; most associated with hyperthyroidism
77
hirsutism –
excessive growth of hair of hair or abnormal hair distribution; usually refers to excessive body hair and a male distribution pattern of body hair in women due to hypersecretion of androgens in females
78
hypoadrenalism/adrenal insufficiency –
insufficient release of adrenal hormones
79
hypoparathyroidism –
hyposecretion of the parathyroid hormone; may result in hypocalcemia and tetany
80
hypothyroidism –
hyposecretion of thyroid hormones
81
pancreatitis –
inflammation of the pancreas
82
panhypopituitarism –
insufficient amount of all the hormones secreted by the pituitary gland
83
polyphagia –
excessive hunger
84
syndrome –
a group of symptoms and signs that, when combined, present a clinical picture of a
disease or condition
85
Type I diabetes mellitus –
little or no insulin is naturally produced; these people are dependent on insulin hormone replacement therapy
86
Type II diabetes mellitus –
a form of diabetes that develops later in life due to insulin receptors that become resistant to insulin or fewer active insulin receptors; can often be controlled through diet and exercise
87
gestational diabetes–
diabetes symptoms during pregnancy
88
tetany –
nerve irritability, intermittent muscle twitches, cramps and spasms that are most
commonly associated with hypocalcemia
89
lobectomy –
surgical removal of a lobe from an organ, such as a lobe of a lung or thyroid gland
