CH1&2 Flashcards
Eponym
A medical term used for a procedure, disease, medical device that is named after a person (ex cesarean section, Hodgkin’s disease, Foley catheter)
Constructed Medical Terms
Terms that can be divided into word parts, consists of at least 2 word parts. Must have a suffix
Non-constructed Medical Terms
Terms that cannot be divided into word parts, such as heart, nurse, dog
Sequence for Deconstructing Medical Terms
Start with suffix
- Then add any prefix(es) if there is one
- Then add the word root(s)/combining form(s), in order
Prefix
A word part attached to the beginning of a constructed medical term that modifies the meaning of the word
- not every term has a prefix
- when written alone it is followed by a hyphen ex. anti-
Suffix
Attached to end of a term and adds meaning, such as condition, disease, or procedure
- Medical terms must have a suffix
- Terms can be built from a suffix added to prefix, does not need a word root
Word Root
The foundation of a medical term; it provides the general or basic meaning of the word
Combining Vowel
A vowel added to a word root that is combined to several word parts; combining vowels are only added to word roots
Combining Form
Consists of a word root and combining vowel
ex: word root cardi- = cardi/o in combining form
Cytology
study of cells and their functions
Histology
study of tissues and their functions
Integumentary System
-Largest organ in the body. Holds everything together (gives body INTEGRITY)
- 2 way protective barrier protecting all internal structures
- Provides sensory information about external environment, touch, vibration, pain, temperature
- Includes skin, hair, nails, sweat glands
Musculoskeletal System
Skeleton supports and protects the body stature
– Site of hematopoiesis (making of blood cells) and storage for minerals and fat
- Osseous (bone) tissue
- Muscles aid in movement; includes bones, joints, muscles
Hematic System (blood)
Transports oxygen, controls bleeding and protects against pathogens
- Includes erythrocytes (RBC), Leukocytes (WBC), thrombocytes (platelets)
Cardiovascular System
- Hematology (study of blood), heart, arteries, veins
- Pumps blood through the body to transport nutrients (oxygen, glucose, amino acids, etc.) and removes waste (carbon dioxide, acids, etc.) from body tissues
Lymphatic System
Protects the body from disease and invasion of pathogens.
- Absorbs extracellular fluid into its vessels and filters out pathogens before returning the fluid back in the cardiovascular system; includes lymph nodes (filters), lymphatic vessels
Respiratory System
Obtains oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the body; includes the throat, windpipe and lungs
Digestive System
- Digestion of foods we eat into small molecules that can be absorbed that then generated into energy
- Elimination of solid waste from the body
- includes mouth, throat, stomach, intestines, colon
Urinary System
- Kidneys filter waste products out of the blood (acids, creatinine, urea) and other excess substances (water, salts, etc.)
- includes kidneys and urinary bladder
Nervous System
SENSES/nerves
Receives internal/external sensory information and coordinates the body’s responses; contraction of muscle and excretion from endocrine glands
- Nervous tissue, spinal cord, brain, special senses, and the autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Endocrine System
-Body regulatory system where chemicals called hormones diffuse through the bloodstream and bind receptors onto tissues/organs causing physiological change
- Regulates metabolic activities of the body
- includes the pituitary gland, thyroid, adrenal glands
Female Reproductive System
Produces eggs for reproduction and a place for fetal growth
Includes uterus, vagina
Male Reproductive System
Produces sperm for reproduction
Includes testicles, penis
Special Sense Organs
Vision, smell, hearing/balance, taste, and touch
- eyes, ears, tongue
Anatomical Position
Establishes a common position and relationships of body parts
Abdominal Region
Abdomen; anterior side of trunk between the thoracic and pelvic regions
Brachial Region
Upper extremities or arms
Cephalic Region
Entire head
Cervical Region
Neck
Inguinal/groin
The area directly above and below the fold where the abdomen meets the leg
Gluteal Region
Buttocks
Pelvic Region
Area between the hips and internal structures
Pubic Region
External area of the external genitals) reproductive organs)
Trunk or torso
Contains all body regions other than head, neck and extremities
Thoracic Region
Chest; Contains the two lungs and the central region between them is called the mediastinum
Cavities
Open spaces within the body that may or may not be filled with organs or other structures
Cranial Cavity
Contains brain
Spinal Cavity
Contains spinal cord
Mediastinum
The central region of the thorax, located between the lungs; it contains the heart, esophagus, trachea (windpipe), thymus gland
Diaphragm
A physical dividing wall between thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity; it is the muscle used for breathing
Abdominal Cavity
Refers to the abdomen; area between the thoracic and pelvic cavities; primarily includes the organs of digestion and excretion
Pelvic Cavity
the area within the hips or that which is inclusive of the pelvic girdle
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Used when referring to both the abdominal and pelvic regions as a single unit
Epigastric Region
The upper middle area of the abdomen; area most common for stomach and heart issues
Umbilical Region
Central area of the abdomen around the umbilicus (navel/belly button)
Abdominal Left Lumbar
L abdomen lateral to the umbilical area
Right Lumbar
R region lateral to the umbilical region, including the back
Left lumbar
L region lateral to the umbilical region, including the back
Flank Regions
Posterior lumbar regions between the bottom of the rib cage and upper hip bone
Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
Contains majority of liver, gallbladder
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
Contains appendix
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
Contains spleen, stomach, pancreas
Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
Contains the sigmoid colon/rectum, pain often the result of constipation
Superior
Pertaining to above; more toward the head or above another structure
Inferior
Pertaining to below;more toward the feet or below another structure
Anterior (ventral)
Pertaining to the front;more toward the front or belly-side of the body
Posterior (Dorsal)
Pertaining to the back; more toward the back side of the body
Medial
Pertaining to the middle; refers to the middle or near the middle of the body/structure
Lateral
Pertaining to the side; refers to more toward the side
Proximal
Pertaining near to; located nearer to the point of attachment to the body
Distal
Pertaining away from; located farther away from the point of attachment to the body
Superficial
More toward the surface of body (ie - pain more towards the surface or an injury tot he skin)
Deep
Further away from the surface of the body (ie - internal/organ pain or an injury that goes below the layers of skin
Supine
Lying on your back, facing upward
Prone
Lying on your abdomen, facing down
Apex
The conical-shaped part, tip, or summit of an organ (specifically refers to the conical part of an organ, therefore, the apex of the heart is the conical part at the bottom of the heat; whereas, the apex of the lung is the conical part of the top of the lung)
Base
Bottom or lower part of a organ
enter/o
Pertaining to the small intestine - enteric
Gastr/o
Pertaining to the stomach - gastric
Cesarean section
Named after Julius Caseser, who was rumored to have been born using this procedure
Hodgkin’s Disease
A disease named after Thomas Hodgkin, who first described the disease - type of blood cancer that affects the immune system
Foley catheter
Named after it’s designer, urethra catheter that inflates and drains out urine
Levels of Body Organization
Chemicals
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems
Body
Body
composed of all systems, organs, tissues and cells found within it
Organ Systems
made of organs that have similar tissues/complex functions
Organs
Made of tissues composed of similar cells and have specific functions
Tissues
Composed of similar cells
Cells
Fundamental units of life, all tissues and organs in the body are composed of cells
