CH4 section II Flashcards
Muscle
tissue that consists of cells that contract; bundles, sheets or rings of parallel muscle fibers
that contract and relax to produce movement
Cartilage
a rubber-like padding that covers and protects the ends of bones, provides structure to
the rib cage, and helps give shape to the ears and nose
Tendon
a band of strong fibrous tissue that attach the muscles to the bones
Fascia
a sheet of fibrous connective tissue that wraps muscle
skeletal muscle
Voluntary muscle - muscle that is directly or indirectly connected to bone and controlled by conscious thought
smooth/visceral muscle
a smooth, involuntary muscle located in the walls of hollow organs and
blood vessels; visceral because it is found in organs and smooth based on its appearance
cardiac muscle
a specialized, involuntary muscle only found in the heart; the middle layer of the
heart is muscle; aka. – myocardium
involuntary muscle
muscles under the control of the subconscious regions of the brain; (i.e. –
smooth and cardiac muscles)
How Skeletal Muscles are named
1) Muscle location – biceps brachii (brachii = arm), gluteus medius (medius = middle)
2) Size –gluteus maximus (maximus = biggest); gluteus minimus (medius = small)
3) Number of attachments – biceps = two heads, triceps = three heads, quadriceps = four heads
action
the type of movement a muscle produces
extension
– reaching or spreading out; the straightening of a limb (arm or leg) at a joint
flexion
– the bending or flexing of a joint
abduction
– the movement away from the midline of the body
adduction
– the drawing toward the midline of the body
eversion
– turning outward, such as turning the foot outward at the ankle
inversion
– turning inward, such as turning the foot inward at the ankle
elevation
– moving a body part up, such as shrugging shoulders or the up action in chewing gum
circumduction
– movement in a circular direction from a central point
rotation
– the movement of a bone around its own axis
pronation
– the rotation of the hand causing the palm of the hand to face downward
trapezius muscles
– the medial shoulder muscles as well as the upper back muscles. They extend
from the base of the occipital bone of the skull downward to the scapulae (shoulder blades) and the
thoracic vertebrae
deltoid muscles
– the lateral shoulder muscles; form the rounded contour of the shoulder
pectoralis muscles
muscles of the chest.
biceps brachii
– the muscle of the upper arm, between the anterior shoulder and the anterior
aspect of the elbow
brachial
– pertaining to the arm
triceps brachii
– the muscle on the back of the upper arm between the posterior aspect of the
shoulder and elbow
gluteus muscles
– the buttocks are comprised of three muscle groups (aka. –glutes); gluteus
maximus, gluteus medius and gluteus minimus muscles
quadriceps femoris
– a group of four large muscles that comprise the front of the thigh (aka.
“Quads”)
kinesiology
– the study of movement
bradykinesia
– having slow movement, as in the elderly
hypokinesia
– having an insufficient amount of movement
hyperkinesia
– having an excessive amount of movement
dyskinesia
– having difficult or abnormal movement
atonia
– the lack of muscle tone/no muscle tone
atrophy
– muscle wasting; a decrease in the size of muscle d/t poor development caused by disease or lack of use
hypertonia
– an increased/excessive muscle tone; can be induced with strength/endurance training
hypertrophy
– excessive development/increase in muscle bulk as a result of use, such as with
weightlifting
hypotonia
– decreased tone or tension in muscle
muscular dystrophy
– a group of inherited diseases that are characterized by weakness and atrophy of muscle without involvement of the nervous system; leads to a progressive disability and loss of strength
adhesion
– scar tissue forming in the fascia surrounding a muscle, making it difficult to stretch the
muscle
contracture
– abnormal shortening of muscle fibers, tendons, and fascia, making it difficult to
stretch a muscle
dystonia
– having abnormal muscle tone
intermittent claudication
– attacks of severe pain and lameness, caused by ischemia of the muscles,
typically the calf muscles
muscle spasm/cramp
– sudden, involuntary contraction of muscle
myalgia/myodynia
– muscle pain
myasthenia
– muscle weakness
myorrhexis
– the tearing or rupture of a muscle
polymyositis
– the simultaneous inflammation of two or more muscles
sPrain
- is a traumatic injury, such as overstretching or tearing, of a ligament
sTrain
– damage to a muscle or a tendon, resulting from overuse, overstretching or excessive force
tendonitis
– inflammation of a tendon
tenodynia
– tendon pain
tetany
– a severe form of muscle spasm/cramping from persistent contractions of muscles
torticollis
–a painful condition caused by contraction of the muscles of the neck that causes
the head to tilt or turn toward one side
electromyography
– study and record the strength and quality of muscle contractions as a result of
electrical stimulation
electromyogram
– the physical or electronic record produced by a electromyograph
tenorrhaphy
– to suture a tendon
fasciotomy
– surgical procedure that cuts into the fascia
myoplasty
– surgical repair of a muscle
muscle relaxants
– medication prescribed to relieve muscle spasms
orticosteroids
– the class of drugs that are produced naturally in the adrenal cortex of the kidney
and are used for their strong anti-inflammatory properties
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
– drugs that provide relief from inflammation, like steroids,
without the steroid component; provide anti-inflammatory benefits and mild-moderate pain relief;
include Aleve (naproxen sodium, aspirin, and Motrin(ibuprofen
fasci/o
fibrous band
flex/o
to bend
kinesi/o/ -kinesia
movement
later/o
side
my/o, myos/o, muscul/o
muscle
ten/o or tend/o or tendin/o
tendon
-algia or -dynia
pain
-asthenia
weakness
-tomy
cutting into
-pathy
disease
-plasty
surgical repair
-rrhaphy
suture
-rrhexis
rupture
-trophy
development/nutrition
a-
without
brady-
slow
dys-
abnormal, difficult
hyper-
excessive
hypo-
insufficient
poly-
many
