CH5 Flashcards
Apex
the inferior tip of the heart; (apex = directional term meaning tip, point, conical aspect)
epicardium
the outer protective layer of the heart, synonymous with visceral pericardium
myocardium
cardiac muscle; the thick, muscular middle layer of the heart that pumps blood
endocardium
the thin inner lining/layer of the heart
pericardium
a tough, double-layered membranous sac that surrounds and encloses the heart
atrium (atria – pl)
one of the upper two chambers of the heart
ventricle(s)
one of the lower to chambers of the heart
septum
a wall or partition dividing a body space or cavity
tricuspid valve
a valve with three cusps that allows blood to flow from the right atrium into the right ventricle
bicuspid valve/mitral valve
a valve with two cusps that allows blood to flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle
blood pressure
a measurement of the force exerted by blood against the wall of a blood vessel
systolic/systole pressure
the highest blood pressure reading caused by ventricular contraction
diastolic/diastole pressure
the lowest blood pressure reading recorded during ventricular relaxation
artery, arteries
blood vessel(s) that pump blood away from the heart
arteriole(s)
the smallest arteries
capillary
microscopic blood vessels that join arterioles to the venules
- diffuse oxygenated blood and
nutrients to feed the body’s cells and
absorbs deoxygenated blood and cellular waste
lumen
the hollow channel in a blood vessel through which blood flows
veins
blood vessels that pump blood back toward the heart
venules
the smallest veins
aorta
the largest artery in the body; it directs oxygenated blood out of the heart and to the body
vena cava
the largest vein in the body; it brings deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart
coronary arteries
arteries that branch from the aorta to supply blood to the heart tissue
systemic circulation
refers to all the blood vessels that deliver blood from the heart to the body and back to the heart
pulse
an indirect measurement of the heart rate that can be palpated in arteries
tachycardia
an increased heart beat/pulse rate that is greater than 100 beats per minute (bpm)
bradycardia
a decreased pulse rate that is less than 60 beats per minute
hypertension
excessive or increased blood pressure; commonly called “high blood” in Hawaii
hypotension
insufficient or decreased blood pressure
vasodilation
stretching or dilation of a vessel
vasoconstriction
the narrowing of a blood vessel
arrhythmia or dysrhythmia
abnormal rhythm; a variation in the normal rhythm of the heart (i.e. - atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, PVCs: extra heartbeats from ventricles, palpitations)
asystole/cardiac arrest
an absence of a heartbeat
palpitations
subject reports of a pounding or racing of the heart
angina pectoris
severe, constricting chest pain due to ischemia of the heart muscle; most easily precipitated by exertion or excitement
cardiomyopathy
any disease/disorder of the heart muscle
endocarditis
inflammation/infection of the inner lining of the heart
hypertrophy
increased size of the heart
myocardial infarct/infarction
a heart attack; a localized area of tissue necrosis in heart muscle
murmur
a muffled whooshing or swishing on auscultation of the heart or blood vessels due to turbulent blood flow; commonly noted when a valve closes or opens abnormally
myocarditis
an inflammation/infection of heart muscle
pericarditis
inflammation of the sac around the heart
aneurysm
the ballooning out of an artery
arteriorrhexis
rupture of an artery
arteriosclerosis
the thickening and hardening of the walls of the arteries, typically in old age
atherosclerosis
thickening and hardening of the arteries due to fatty plaques built up in the walls of blood vessels
embolus
a foreign substance that travels through the bloodstream and lodges in a blood vessel, blocking blood flow (fat, air)
thrombus
a blood clot that has formed within a blood vessel
hemorrhagic shock
results from excessive blood loss that is most frequently associated with trauma
ischemia
insufficient blood flow to any tissue
necrosis
a condition of cell death; usually proceeded by ischemia to the body tissue
hypovolemia
abnormally low circulating blood volume
varicose veins
swollen and knotted veins caused by sluggish blood flow in combination with weakened walls and incompetent valves
prolapse
to fall out of the normal position
regurgitation
to flow backward; in the cardiovascular system this refer to the backflow of blood through a valve
stenosis
a constriction or narrowing
auscultate
to examine by listening, through a stethoscope or other instrument, to sounds within
the body
palpate
to examine by touch; feeling for induration (firmness), fluctuance (wave-like)
electrocardiography
the process of recording the electrical currents of the heart
electrocardiograph
the instrument that records the electrical currents of the heart
electrocardiogram
the printed or electronic record produced by the electrocardiograph
echocardiogram
a noninvasive procedure that uses ultrasound to visualize the internal cardiac structures
echocardiography
the process of using ultrasound to visualize the internal cardiac structures
defibrillator
an electronic device that that sends a shock to the heart to override the fibrillation in order to get the heart to return to a normal rhythm
antiarrhythmic
reduces or prevents cardiac arrhythmias
anticoagulant
prevents blood clot formation
fibrinolytic
dissolves existing clots
diuretic
increases urine production by the kidneys, which works to reduce plasma and therefore blood volume, resulting in lower blood pressure
atrial
pertaining to the atria (2 upper chambers of heart)
atrioventricular
pertaining to the atria and the ventricles
coronary
pertaining to the heart
pulmonary
pertaining to the lungs
vascular
pertaining to a vessel
aneurysm/o
aneurysm, abnormal ballooning out
angi/o, vas/o, vascul/o
vessel
arteri/o, arter/o
artery
arteriol/o
arteriole, small artery
ather/o
yellowish, fatty plaque
atri/o
one of the two upper chambers of the heart
cardi/o
heart
coron/o
crown
embol/o
embolus, a clot that has moved from it’s original source
endocardi/o
endocardium, the inner layer/lining of the heart
myocardi/o
myocardium, the muscular middle layer of the heart
ox/i
oxygen
pericardi/o
pericardium, the outer double-layered lining around the heart
phleb/o, ven/i ven/o
vein
pulmon/o, pneum/o
lung
scler/o
abnormal hardening
sept/o
septum, partition
sin/o
sinus
thorac/o
chest
thromb/o
clot, a stationary clot at the sight of origin
valv/o, valvul/o
valve
ventricul/o
ventricle, one of the two lower chambers of the heart
venul/o
venule
a-, de-
without
anti-
against
bi-
two
brady-
slow
endo-
within, inner
epi-
above
extra-
outside of
hyper-
excessive
hypo-
insufficient
inter-
between
intra-
within
per-
through
peri-
around
poly-
many
re-
again
sino-
sinus
tachy-
fast
trans-
across
ultra-
beyond
-eal, -ous, -ic, -tic, -ac, -ar, -ary, -ory
pertaining to; belonging to; relating to
-cardia
heart condition
-ectomy
to cut out
-gram
record, printed/electronic
-graph
recording device
-graphy
process of recording
-itis
inflammation and/or infection
-ium
mass; structure; small one
-logy
study of
-lytic
destruction
-megaly
enlarged
-ole, -ule
small
-oma
mass
-pathy
disease
-plasty
surgical repair
-rrhexis
rupture
-sclerosis
hardening
-tension
pressure
-scope
instrument for viewing
-spasm
involuntary muscle contraction
-stenosis
abnormal narrowing, stricture
