CH9 - PhyCogDev MiddleChildhood

Question 1

this term refers to descriptive and evaluative beliefs about one’s appearance.

Answer 1

body image

Question 2

these illnesses only last a short time.

Answer 2

acute medical conditions

Question 3

these illnesses or impairments persist for at least 3 months.

Answer 3

chronic medical conditions

Question 4

this term refers to a chronic respiratory disease characterized by sudden attacks of coughing, wheezing, and difficulty in
breathing.

Answer 4

asthma

Question 5

this term refers to one of the most common diseases of childhood.

It is characterized by high levels of glucose in the blood as a result of defective insulin production, ineffective insulin action, or both.

Answer 5

diabetes

Question 6

this term refers to chronically high blood pressure.

Answer 6

hypertension

Question 7

Third stage of Piagetian cognitive development (approximately ages 7 to 12), during which children develop logical but not abstract thinking.

Answer 7

concrete operations

Question 8

this cognitive advance refers to the ability to order items along a dimension.

Answer 8

seriation

Question 9

this cognitive advance refers to understanding the relationship
between two objects by knowing the relationship of each to a third object.

Answer 9

transitive inferences

Question 10

this cognitive advance refers to understanding of the relationship
between a whole and its parts.

Answer 10

class inclusion

Question 11

a type of logical reasoning that moves from particular observations about members of a class to a general conclusion about that class.

Answer 11

inductive reasoning

Question 12

a type of logical reasoning that moves from a general premise about a class to a conclusion about a particular member or members of the class.

Answer 12

deductive reasoning

Question 13

this term refers to the conscious control of thoughts, emotions, and actions to accomplish goals or solve problems.

Answer 13

executive function

Question 14

this term refers to a strategy to aid memory

Answer 14

mnemonic device

Question 15

this term refers to mnemonic strategies using something
outside the person.

Answer 15

external memory aids

Question 16

this term refers to a type of mnemonic strategy that keeps an item in
working memory through conscious repetition.

Answer 16

rehearsal

Question 17

this term refers to a type of mnemonic strategy of categorizing
material to be remembered.

Answer 17

organization

Question 18

this term refers to a type of mnemonic strategy of making mental associations involving items to be remembered.

Answer 18

elaboration

Question 19

this term refers to the knowledge of and reflection about memory processes..

Answer 19

metamemory

Question 20

Individual intelligence test for school-age children, which yields verbal and performance scores as well as a combined score.

Answer 20

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for
Children (WISC-IV)

Question 21

Group intelligence test for kindergarten
through 12th grade.

Children are asked to classify items, show an understanding of verbal and numerical concepts, display general information, and follow directions.

Separate scores for verbal comprehension, verbal reasoning, pictorial reasoning, figural reasoning, and quantitative reasoning can identify specific strengths and weaknesses

Answer 21

Otis-Lennon School Ability Test
(OLSAT8)

Question 22

Gardner’s theory that each person has several distinct forms of intelligence.

Answer 22

theory of multiple intelligences

Question 23

Intelligence tests that, if they were possible to design, would have no
culturally linked content.

Answer 23

culture-free tests

Question 24

Intelligence tests that deal with experiences common to various
cultures, in an attempt to avoid cultural bias.

Answer 24

culture-fair tests

Question 25

in Howard Gardner's theory, the ability to use and understand words and nuances of meaning

Answer 25

Linguistic

Question 26

in Howard Gardner's theory, the ability to manipulate numbers and solve logical problems

Answer 26

Logical-mathematical

Question 27

in Howard Gardner's theory, the ability to find one’s way around in an environment and judge relationships between objects in space

Answer 27

Spatial

Question 28

in Howard Gardner's theory, the ability to perceive and create patterns of pitch and rhythm

Answer 28

Musical

Question 29

in Howard Gardner's theory, the ability to move with precision

Answer 29

Bodily-kinesthetic

Question 30

in Howard Gardner's theory, the ability to understand and communicate with others

Answer 30

Interpersonal

Question 31

in Howard Gardner's theory, the ability to understand the self

Answer 31

Intrapersonal

Question 32

in Howard Gardner's theory, the ability to distinguish species and their characteristics

Answer 32

Naturalist

Question 33

Sternberg’s theory describes three elements of intelligence: componential, experiential, and contextual.

Answer 33

triarchic theory of intelligence

Question 34

Sternberg’s term for the analytic aspect of intelligence.

Answer 34

componential element

Question 35

Sternberg’s term for the insightful or the creative aspect of intelligence.

Answer 35

experiential element

Question 36

Sternberg’s term for the practical aspect of intelligence.

Answer 36

contextual element

Question 37

Sternberg’s term for information is not formally taught or openly expressed but is necessary to get ahead.

Answer 37

tacit knowledge

Question 38

Nontraditional individual intelligence test designed to provide fair assessments of minority children and children with disabilities.

Answer 38

Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC-II)

Question 39

Tests based on Vygotsky’s theory that emphasize potential rather than past learning.

Answer 39

dynamic tests

Question 40

this term refers to the social context of language.

Answer 40

pragmatics

Question 41

this term refers to an approach to teaching English as a second language in which instruction is presented only in English.

Answer 41

English-immersion approach

Question 42

System of teaching non-English speaking children in their native language while they learn English, and later switching to all-English instruction.

Answer 42

bilingual education

Question 43

Fluent in two languages.

Answer 43

bilingual

Question 44

Approach to second-language education in which English speakers and non-English-speakers learn together in their own and each other’s languages.

Answer 44

two-way (dual-language) learning

Question 45

Approach to second-language education in which English speakers and non-English-speakers learn together in their own and each other’s languages.

Answer 45

two-way (dual-language) learning

Question 46

this term refers to the process of phonetic analysis by which a printed word is converted to spoken form before retrieval from long-term memory.

Answer 46

decoding

Question 47

this term refers to an approach to teaching reading that emphasizes decoding of unfamiliar words.

Answer 47

phonetic (code-emphasis) approach

Question 48

this term refers to an approach to teaching reading that emphasizes visual retrieval and the use of contextual clues.

Answer 48

whole-language approach

Question 49

this term refers to the process of retrieving the sound of a the printed word when seeing the word as a whole.

Answer 49

visually based retrieval

Question 50

this term refers to the thinking about thinking, or awareness of one’s mental processes.

Answer 50

metacognition

Question 51

Significantly subnormal cognitive functioning. Also referred to as cognitive disability or mental retardation.

Answer 51

intellectual disability

Question 52

a developmental disorder in which reading achievement is substantially lower than predicted by IQ or age.

Answer 52

dyslexia

Question 53

Disorders that interfere with specific aspects of learning and school achievement.

Answer 53

learning disabilities (LDs)

Question 54

Syndrome characterized by persistent inattention and distractibility, impulsivity, low tolerance for frustration, and inappropriate overactivity

Answer 54

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Question 55

Ability to see situations in a new way, to produce innovations, or to discern previously unidentified problems and find novel solutions.

Answer 55

creativity

Question 56

Thinking aimed at finding the one right answer to a problem.

Answer 56

convergent thinking

Question 57

Thinking that produces a variety of fresh, diverse possibilities.

Answer 57

divergent thinking

Question 58

Programs for educating the gifted that broaden and deepen knowledge and skills through extra activities, projects, field trips, or mentoring.

Answer 58

enrichment programs

Question 59

Programs for educating the gifted that move them through the curriculum at an unusually rapid pace.

Answer 59

acceleration programs

Question 60

this type of diabetes is the result of an insulin deficiency that occurs when insulin-producing-cells in the pancreas are destroyed

Answer 60

Type 1 diabetes

Question 61

this type of diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and used to be found mainly in overweight and older adults

Answer 61

Type 2 diabetes