CH11

Question 1

Developmental transition between
childhood and adulthood entailing
major physical, cognitive, and
psychosocial changes.

Answer 1

Adolescence

Question 2

Process by which a person attains
sexual maturity and the ability to
reproduce.

Answer 2

Pubterty

Question 3

Organs directly related to reproduction,
which enlarge and mature during
adolescence.

Answer 3

Primary Sex Characteristics

Question 4

Physiological signs of sexual maturation
(such as breast development and
growth of body hair) that do not involve
the sex organs.

Answer 4

Secondary Sex Characteristics

Question 5

pigmented areas surrounding the
nipples

Answer 5

areolae

Question 6

Sharp increase in height and weight
that precedes sexual maturity.

Answer 6

adolescent growth spurt

Question 7

Boy’s first ejaculation.

Answer 7

spermarche

Question 8

Girl’s first menstruation.

Answer 8

menarche

Question 9

Trend that can be seen only by
observing several generations, such as
the trend toward earlier attainment of
adult height and sexual maturity, which
began a century ago in some countries.

Answer 9

secular trend

Question 10

Descriptive and evaluative beliefs about
one’s appearance.

Answer 10

Body image

Question 11

Eating disorder characterized by
self-starvation.

Answer 11

anorexia nervosa

Question 12

Eating disorder in which a person
regularly eats huge quantities of food
and then purges the body by laxatives,
induced vomiting, fasting, or excessive
exercise.

Answer 12

bulimia nervosa

Question 13

Eating disorder in which a person loses
control over eating and binges huge
quantities of food.

Answer 13

binge eating disorder

Question 14

Repeated, harmful use of a substance,
usually alcohol or other drugs.

Answer 14

substance abuse

Question 15

Addiction (physical, or psychological, or
both) to a harmful substance.

Answer 15

substance dependence

Question 16

Consuming 5 or more drinks (for men)
or 4 or more drinks (for women)
on one occasion.

Answer 16

binge drinking

Question 17

Piaget’s final stage of cognitive
development, characterized by the
ability to think abstractly

Answer 17

formal operations

Question 18

Ability, believed by Piaget, to
accompany the stage of formal
operations, to develop, consider, and
test hypotheses.

Answer 18

hypothetical-deductive reasoning

Question 19

First level of Kohlberg’s theory of moral
reasoning in which control is external
and rules are obeyed in order to gain
rewards or avoid punishment or out of
self-interest.

Answer 19

preconventional morality

Question 20

Second level in Kohlberg’s theory of
moral reasoning in which standards of
authority figures are internalized.

Answer 20

conventional morality (or morality of
conventional role conformity)

Question 21

Third level of Kohlberg’s theory of moral
reasoning, in which people follow
internally held moral principles and can
decide among conflicting moral
standards.

Answer 21

postconventional morality (or morality
of autonomous moral principles)

Question 22

Children obey rules to avoid punishment. They ignore the motives of an act and focus on its physical form (such
as the size of a lie) or its consequences (for example, the amount of physical damage).

Answer 22

Stage 1: Orientation toward punishment and obedience.

Question 23

You scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours.” Children
conform to rules out of self-interest and consideration for what others can do for them. They look at an act in terms of the human needs it meets and differentiate this value from the act’s physical form and consequences.

Answer 23

Stage 2: Instrumental purpose and exchange.

Question 24

“Am I a good boy or
girl?” Children want to please and help others, can judge the intentions of others, and develop their
own ideas of what a good person is. They evaluate an act according to the motive behind it or the person performing it, and they take circumstances into account.

Answer 24

Stage 3: Maintaining mutual relations, approval of others, the golden rule.

Question 25

What if everybody did it?” People are concerned with
doing their duty, showing respect for higher authority, and maintaining the social order. They
consider an act always wrong, regardless of motive or circumstances, if it violates a rule and harms
others.

Answer 25

Stage 4: Social concern and conscience. “

Question 26

People think in rational terms, valuing the will of the majority and the welfare of society. They generally see these values as best supported by adherence to the law. While they recognize that there are times
when human need and the law conflict, they believe it is better for society in the long run if they
obey the law.

Answer 26

Stage 5: Morality of contract, of individual rights, and of democratically accepted law.

Question 27

People do what they as individuals think is right,
regardless of legal restrictions or the opinions of others. They act in accordance with internalized
standards, knowing that they would condemn themselves if they did not.

Answer 27

Stage 6: Morality of universal ethical principles.

Question 28

Boys benefit more from enriched neighborhoods and are hurt more by deprived neighborhoods.

Answer 28

Neighborhood influences:

Question 29

Subtle differences in the way teachers treat boys and girls, especially in math and science classes, have been documented.

Answer 29

School influences

Question 30

Across cultures, parents’ educational level correlates with their children’s math achievement. The amount of parental involvement in children’s education affects math performance. Parents’ gender attitudes and expectations also have an effect.

Answer 30

Home influences

Question 31

Cross-cultural studies show that the size of gender differences in math performance varies among nations and becomes greater by the end of
secondary school. These differences correlate with the degree of gender equality in the society.

Answer 31

Cultural influences:

Question 32

in society help shape girls’ and boys’ choices of courses
and occupations.

Answer 32

Women’s and men’s roles

Question 33

two basic stages of puberty

Answer 33

adrenarch and gonadarche