CH8 Flashcards
Sense of self; descriptive and evaluative
mental picture of one’s abilities and traits.
self-concept
Cluster of characteristics used to
describe oneself.
self-definition
The self one actually is.
real self
The self one would like to be.
ideal self
The judgment a person makes about
his or her self-worth.
self-esteem
Emotions involved in the regulation of
social behavior that requires self-awareness and the understanding of others’ viewpoints.
social emotions
Erikson’s third stage in psychosocial
development, in which children balance
the urge to pursue goals with
reservations about doing so.
initiative versus guilt
Awareness, developed in early
childhood, that one is male or female.
gender identity
Behaviors, interests, attitudes, skills, and
traits that a culture considers
appropriate for each sex; differ for
males and females.
gender roles
Socialization process whereby children,
at an early age, learn appropriate
gender roles.
gender-typing
Preconceived generalizations about
male or female role behavior.
gender stereotypes
Darwin’s theory that gender roles
developed in response to men’s and
women’s differing reproductive needs.
theory of sexual selection
In Freudian theory, the process by which
a young child adopts characteristics,
beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors
of the parent of the same sex.
identification
Awareness that one will always be male
or female; also called sex-category
constancy.
gender constancy
Theory, proposed by Bem, that children
socialize themselves in their gender
roles by developing a mentally
organized network of information about
what it means to be male or female in a
particular culture.
gender-schema theory
Albert Bandura’s expansion of social
learning theory; holds that children
learn gender roles through socialization.
social cognitive theory
Play involving repetitive large muscular
movements.
functional play
Play involving use of objects or
materials to make something.
constructive play
Play involving imaginary people or
situations; also called pretend play,
fantasy play, or imaginative play
dramatic play
Organized games with known
procedures and penalties.
formal games with rules
The child does not seem to be playing but watches anything of momentary interest.
Unoccupied behavior
The child spends most of the time watching other children play. The onlooker may talk to
them but does not enter into the play.
Onlooker behavior
The child plays alone with toys that are different from those used by nearby children and
makes no effort to get close to them.
Solitary independent play
The child plays independently beside rather than with the other children, playing with
similar toys, and does not try to influence the other children’s play.
Parallel play
The children talk, borrow and lend toys, follow each other around, and play similarly.
There is no division of labor and no organization around goals. The children behave as
they wish and are more interested in being around each other than the activity itself
Associative play
The child plays in a group organized for some goal—to make something, play a formal
game, or dramatize a situation. One or two children direct activities. Children take on
different roles and supplement each other’s efforts.
Cooperative or organized
supplementary play
Tendency to select playmates of one’s
own gender.
gender segregation
Methods of molding children’s character
and of teaching them to exercise selfcontrol and engage in acceptable
behavior.
discipline
Use of physical force with the intention
of causing pain but not injury so as to
correct or control behavior.
corporal punishment
Disciplinary techniques designed to
induce desirable behavior by appealing
to a child’s sense of reason and
fairness.
inductive techniques
Disciplinary strategy designed to
discourage undesirable behavior
through physical or verbal enforcement
of parental control.
power assertion
Disciplinary strategy that involves
ignoring, isolating, or showing dislike for
a child.
withdrawal of love
In Baumrind’s terminology, parenting
style emphasizing control and
obedience.
authoritarian parenting
In Baumrind’s terminology, parenting
style emphasizing self-expression and
self-regulation.
permissive parenting
In Baumrind’s terminology, parenting
style blending respect for a child’s
individuality with an effort to instill social
values.
authoritative parenting
Behavior intended to help others out of
inner concern and without expectation
of external reward; may involve selfdenial or self-sacrifice.
altruism
Any voluntary behavior intended to help
others.
prosocial behavior
Aggressive behavior used as a means
of achieving a goal.
instrumental aggression
Aggression that is openly directed at its
target.
overt (direct) aggression
Aggression aimed at damaging or
interfering with another person’s
relationships, reputation, or
psychological well-being.
relational aggression
