CH8

Question 1

Sense of self; descriptive and evaluative
mental picture of one’s abilities and traits.

Answer 1

self-concept

Question 2

Cluster of characteristics used to
describe oneself.

Answer 2

self-definition

Question 3

The self one actually is.

Answer 3

real self

Question 4

The self one would like to be.

Answer 4

ideal self

Question 5

The judgment a person makes about
his or her self-worth.

Answer 5

self-esteem

Question 6

Emotions involved in the regulation of
social behavior that requires self-awareness and the understanding of others’ viewpoints.

Answer 6

social emotions

Question 7

Erikson’s third stage in psychosocial
development, in which children balance
the urge to pursue goals with
reservations about doing so.

Answer 7

initiative versus guilt

Question 8

Awareness, developed in early
childhood, that one is male or female.

Answer 8

gender identity

Question 9

Behaviors, interests, attitudes, skills, and
traits that a culture considers
appropriate for each sex; differ for
males and females.

Answer 9

gender roles

Question 10

Socialization process whereby children,
at an early age, learn appropriate
gender roles.

Answer 10

gender-typing

Question 11

Preconceived generalizations about
male or female role behavior.

Answer 11

gender stereotypes

Question 12

Darwin’s theory that gender roles
developed in response to men’s and
women’s differing reproductive needs.

Answer 12

theory of sexual selection

Question 13

In Freudian theory, the process by which
a young child adopts characteristics,
beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors
of the parent of the same sex.

Answer 13

identification

Question 14

Awareness that one will always be male
or female; also called sex-category
constancy.

Answer 14

gender constancy

Question 15

Theory, proposed by Bem, that children
socialize themselves in their gender
roles by developing a mentally
organized network of information about
what it means to be male or female in a
particular culture.

Answer 15

gender-schema theory

Question 16

Albert Bandura’s expansion of social
learning theory; holds that children
learn gender roles through socialization.

Answer 16

social cognitive theory

Question 17

Play involving repetitive large muscular
movements.

Answer 17

functional play

Question 18

Play involving use of objects or
materials to make something.

Answer 18

constructive play

Question 19

Play involving imaginary people or
situations; also called pretend play,
fantasy play, or imaginative play

Answer 19

dramatic play

Question 20

Organized games with known
procedures and penalties.

Answer 20

formal games with rules

Question 21

The child does not seem to be playing but watches anything of momentary interest.

Answer 21

Unoccupied behavior

Question 22

The child spends most of the time watching other children play. The onlooker may talk to
them but does not enter into the play.

Answer 22

Onlooker behavior

Question 23

The child plays alone with toys that are different from those used by nearby children and
makes no effort to get close to them.

Answer 23

Solitary independent play

Question 24

The child plays independently beside rather than with the other children, playing with
similar toys, and does not try to influence the other children’s play.

Answer 24

Parallel play

Question 25

The children talk, borrow and lend toys, follow each other around, and play similarly. There is no division of labor and no organization around goals. The children behave as they wish and are more interested in being around each other than the activity itself

Answer 25

Associative play

Question 26

The child plays in a group organized for some goal—to make something, play a formal game, or dramatize a situation. One or two children direct activities. Children take on different roles and supplement each other’s efforts.

Answer 26

Cooperative or organized supplementary play

Question 27

Tendency to select playmates of one’s own gender.

Answer 27

gender segregation

Question 28

Methods of molding children’s character and of teaching them to exercise selfcontrol and engage in acceptable behavior.

Answer 28

discipline

Question 29

Use of physical force with the intention of causing pain but not injury so as to correct or control behavior.

Answer 29

corporal punishment

Question 30

Disciplinary techniques designed to induce desirable behavior by appealing to a child’s sense of reason and fairness.

Answer 30

inductive techniques

Question 31

Disciplinary strategy designed to discourage undesirable behavior through physical or verbal enforcement of parental control.

Answer 31

power assertion

Question 32

Disciplinary strategy that involves ignoring, isolating, or showing dislike for a child.

Answer 32

withdrawal of love

Question 33

In Baumrind’s terminology, parenting style emphasizing control and obedience.

Answer 33

authoritarian parenting

Question 34

In Baumrind’s terminology, parenting style emphasizing self-expression and self-regulation.

Answer 34

permissive parenting

Question 35

In Baumrind’s terminology, parenting style blending respect for a child’s individuality with an effort to instill social values.

Answer 35

authoritative parenting

Question 36

Behavior intended to help others out of inner concern and without expectation of external reward; may involve selfdenial or self-sacrifice.

Answer 36

altruism

Question 37

Any voluntary behavior intended to help others.

Answer 37

prosocial behavior

Question 38

Aggressive behavior used as a means of achieving a goal.

Answer 38

instrumental aggression

Question 39

Aggression that is openly directed at its target.

Answer 39

overt (direct) aggression

Question 40

Aggression aimed at damaging or interfering with another person’s relationships, reputation, or psychological well-being.

Answer 40

relational aggression