CH10 Flashcards
n neo-Piagetian terminology, the third
stage in development of self-definition,
characterized by breadth, balance, and
the integration and assessment of
various aspects of the self.
representational systems
Erikson’s fourth stage of psychosocial
development, in which children must
learn the productive skills their culture
requires or else face feelings of
inferiority
industry versus inferiority
Transitional stage in the control of
behavior in which parents exercise
general supervision and children
exercise moment-to-moment
self-regulation.
coregulation
Behaviors by which emotional problems
are turned inward; for example, anxiety
or depression
internalizing behaviors
Behaviors by which a child acts out
emotional difficulties; for example,
aggression or hostility
externalizing behaviors
Unfavorable attitude toward members
of certain groups outside one’s own,
especially racial or ethnic groups.
Prejudice
On this undifferentiated level of friendship,
children think only about what they want
from a relationship. Most very young
children value their friends for material or
physical attributes.
Stage 0: Momentary
playmateship (ages 3 to 7
On this unilateral level, a “good friend”
does what the child wants the friend to do
Stage 1: One-way
assistance (ages 4 to 9)
This reciprocal level overlaps stage 1. It
involves give-and-take but still serves
many separate self-interests, rather than
the common interests of the two friends.
Stage 2: Two-way fairweather cooperation
(ages 6 to 12)
On this mutual level, children view a
friendship as an ongoing, systematic,
committed relationship. Friends become
possessive and demand exclusivity
Stage 3: Intimate, mutually
shared relationships
(ages 9 to 15)
In this interdependent stage, children
respect friends’ needs for both
dependency and autonomy.
Stage 4: Autonomous
interdependence
(beginning at age 12)
Tendency to perceive others as trying
to hurt one and to strike out in
retaliation or self-defense.
Hostile attribution bias
Aggression deliberately and
persistently directed against a particular
target, or victim, typically one who is
weak, vulnerable, and defenseless.
bullying
Pattern of behavior, persisting into
middle childhood, marked by negativity,
hostility, and defiance.
oppositional defiant disorder
Repetitive, persistent pattern of
aggressive, antisocial behavior violating
societal norms or the rights of others.
conduct disorder
Unrealistic fear of going to school; may
be a form of separation anxiety
disorder or social phobia.
school phobia
Condition involving excessive,
prolonged anxiety concerning
separation from home or from people to
whom a person is attached.
separation anxiety disorder
Extreme fear and/or avoidance of social
situations.
social phobia
Anxiety not focused on any single
target.
generalized anxiety disorder
Anxiety aroused by repetitive, intrusive
thoughts, images, or impulses, often
leading to compulsive ritual behaviors.hil
obsessive-compulsive disorder
Mood disorder characterized by such
symptoms as a prolonged sense of
friendlessness, inability to have fun or
concentrate, fatigue, extreme activity or
apathy, feelings of worthlessness,
weight change, physical complaints,
and thoughts of death or suicide.
childhood depression
Psychological treatment in which a
therapist sees a troubled person
one-on-one.
individual psychotherapy
Psychological treatment in which a
therapist sees the whole family together
to analyze patterns of family functioning.
family therapy
Therapeutic approach using principles
of learning theory to encourage desired
behaviors or eliminate undesired ones;
also called behavior modification.
behavior therapy
Therapeutic approach that allows a
person to express troubled feelings
without words, using a variety of art
materials and media.
art therapy
Therapeutic approach that uses play to
help a child cope with emotional distress.
play therapy
Administration of drugs to treat
emotional disorders.
drug therapy
Children who weather adverse
circumstances, function well despite
challenges or threats, or bounce back
from traumatic events.
resilient children
Influences that reduce the impact of
potentially negative influences and tend
to predict positive outcomes.
protective factors
