CH7 - PhyCogDev Early Childhood

Question 1

this term refers to physical skills that involve large muscles.

Answer 1

gross motor skills

Question 2

this term refers to physical skills that involve the small muscles and eye-hand coordination.

Answer 2

fine motor skills

Question 3

this term refers to ncreasingly complex combinations of skills, which permit a wider or more precise range of movement and more control of the environment.

Answer 3

systems of action

Question 4

this term refers to the preference for using a particular hand.

Answer 4

handedness

Question 5

In Piaget’s theory, the second major stage of cognitive development, in which symbolic thought expands but children cannot yet use logic effectively.

Answer 5

preoperational stage

Question 6

in this cognitive advance, children do not need to be in sensorimotor contact with an object, person, or event to think about it.

Children can imagine that objects orpeople have properties other than those they actually have.

Answer 6

Use of symbols

Question 7

in this cognitive advance, children are aware that superficial alterations do not change the nature of things.

Answer 7

Understanding of
identities

Question 8

in this cognitive advance, children realize that events have causes.

Answer 8

Understanding of
cause and effect

Question 9

in this cognitive advance, children organize objects, people, and events into meaningful categories.

Answer 9

Ability to classify

Question 10

in this cognitive advance, children can count and deal with quantities.

Answer 10

Understanding of
number

Question 11

in this cognitive advance, children become more able to imagine how others might feel.

Answer 11

Empathy

Question 12

in this cognitive advance, children become more aware of mental activity and the functioning of the mind.

Answer 12

Theory of mind

Question 13

in this immature aspect of preoperational thought, children focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect others.

Answer 13

Centration: inability to decenter

Question 14

in this immature aspect of preoperational thought, children fail to understand that some operations or actions can be reversed, restoring the original situation.

Answer 14

Irreversibility

Question 15

in this immature aspect of preoperational thought, children fail to understand the significance of the transformation between states.

Answer 15

Focus on states rather than transformations

Question 16

in this immature aspect of preoperational thought, children do not use deductive or inductive reasoning; instead they see cause where none exists.

Answer 16

Transductive reasoning

Question 17

in this immature aspect of preoperational thought, children assume everyone else thinks, perceives, and feels as they do.

Answer 17

Egocentrism

Question 18

in this immature aspect of preoperational thought, children attribute life to objects not alive.

Answer 18

Animism

Question 19

in this immature aspect of preoperational thought, children confuse what is real with outward appearance.

Answer 19

Inability to distinguish appearance from reality

Question 20

Piaget’s term for ability to use mentalrepresentations (words, numbers, or images) to which a child has attached meaning.

Answer 20

symbolic function

Question 21

this term refers to play involving imaginary people and situations; also called fantasy play, dramatic play, or imaginative play

Answer 21

pretend play

Question 22

Piaget’s term for a preoperational child’s tendency to mentally link particular phenomena, whether or not there is logically a causal relationship.

Answer 22

transduction

Question 23

this term refers to the tendency to attribute life to objects thatare not alive.

Answer 23

animism

Question 24

Piaget’s term for awareness that twoobjects that are equal according to acertain measure remain equal in theface of perceptual alteration so long as nothing has been added to or taken away from either object.

Answer 24

conservation

Question 25

Piaget’s term for a preoperational child’s failure to understand that an operation can go in two or more directions.

Answer 25

irreversibility

Question 26

this term refers to the process by which information is prepared for long-term storage and later retrieval.

Answer 26

encoding

Question 27

this term refers to the retention of information in memory for future use.

Answer 27

storage

Question 28

this term refers to process by which information is accessed or recalled from memory storage.

Answer 28

retrieval

Question 29

this type of memory is characterized by the nitial, brief, temporary storage of sensory information.

Answer 29

sensory memory

Question 30

this type of memory is characterized by the short-term storage of information being actively processed.

Answer 30

working memory

Question 31

this type of memory is characterized by the storage of virtually unlimited capacity that holds information for long periods.

Answer 31

long-term memory

Question 32

In Baddeley’s model, element ofworking memory that controls the processing of information.

Answer 32

central executive

Question 33

this term refers to the conscious control of thoughts, emotions, and actions to accomplish goals or solve problems.

Answer 33

executive function

Question 34

this term refers to the ability to identify a previously encountered stimulus.

Answer 34

recognition

Question 35

this term refers to the ability to reproduce material from memory

Answer 35

recall

Question 36

this type of memory produces scripts of familiar routines to guide behavior.

Answer 36

generic memory

Question 37

this term refers to a general remembered outline of a familiar, repeated event, used to guide behavior.

Answer 37

script

Question 38

this type of memory is characterized by long-term memory of specific experiences or events, linked to time and place.

Answer 38

episodic memory

Question 39

this type of memory is characterized by memory of specific events in one’s life.

Answer 39

autobiographical memory

Question 40

Model, based on Vygotsky’s socioculturaltheory, that proposes children construct autobiographical memories through conversation with adults about shared events.

Answer 40

social interaction model

Question 41

these individual intelligence tests are for ages 2 and up and are used to measure fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, and working memory.

Answer 41

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales

Question 42

Individual intelligence test for children ages 2½ to 7 that yields verbal and performance scores as well as a combined score.

Answer 42

Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, Revised (WPPSI-IV)

Question 43

Vygotsky’s term for the differencebetween what a child can do alone and what the child can do with help.

Answer 43

zone of proximal development (ZPD)

Question 44

Vygotzky's term for temporary support to help a childmaster a task.

Answer 44

scaffolding

Question 45

this term refers to the process by which a child absorbs the meaning of a new word after hearing it once or twice in conversation.

Answer 45

fast mapping

Question 46

this term refers to the practical knowledge needed to use language for communicative purposes.

Answer 46

pragmatics

Question 47

this type of speech is intended to be understood by a listener.

Answer 47

social speech

Question 48

this type of speech involves talking aloud to oneself with no intent to communicate with others.

Answer 48

private speech

Question 49

this term refers to a preschooler’s development of skills, knowledge, and attitudes that underlie reading and writing.

Answer 49

emergent literacy

Question 50

this term refers to an educational approach, named for the town in Italy in which the movement started in the 1940s Teachers follow children’s interests and support them in exploring and investigating ideas and feelings through words, movement, dramatic play, and music.

Answer 50

The Reggio Emilia Approach

Question 51

this educational method is based on the belief that children’s natural intelligence involves rational, spiritual, and empirical aspects

Answer 51

The Montessori Method