CH7 Flashcards

1
Q

Physical skills that involve large
muscles.

A

gross motor skills

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2
Q

Physical skills that involve the small
muscles and eye-hand coordination.

A

fine motor skills

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3
Q

Increasingly complex combinations of
skills, which permit a wider or more
precise range of movement and more
control of the environment.

A

systems of action

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4
Q

Preference for using a particular hand.

A

handedness

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5
Q

In Piaget’s theory, the second major
stage of cognitive development, in
which symbolic thought expands but
children cannot yet use logic effectively.

A

preoperational stage

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6
Q

Children do not need to be in
sensorimotor contact with an object,
person, or event to think about it.

Children can imagine that objects or
people have properties other than those
they actually have.

A

Use of symbols

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7
Q

Children are aware that superficial
alterations do not change the nature of
things.

A

Understanding of
identities

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8
Q

Children realize that events have causes.

A

Understanding of
cause and effect

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9
Q

Children organize objects, people, and
events into meaningful categories.

A

Ability to classify

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10
Q

Children can count and deal with
quantities.

A

Understanding of
number

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11
Q

Children become more able to imagine
how others might feel.

A

Empathy

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12
Q

Children become more aware of mental
activity and the functioning of the mind.

A

Theory of mind

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13
Q

Children focus on one aspect of a situation and
neglect others.

A

Centration: inability to decenter

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14
Q

Children fail to understand that some operations
or actions can be reversed, restoring the
original situation.

A

Irreversibility

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15
Q

Children fail to understand the significance of
the transformation between states.

A

Focus on states rather than transformations

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16
Q

Children do not use deductive or inductive
reasoning; instead they see cause where none
exists.

A

Transductive reasoning

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17
Q

Children assume everyone else thinks,
perceives, and feels as they do.

A

Egocentrism

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18
Q

Children attribute life to objects not alive.

A

Animism

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19
Q

Children confuse what is real with outward
appearance.

A

Inability to distinguish appearance from reality

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20
Q

Piaget’s term for ability to use mental
representations (words, numbers, or
images) to which a child has attached
meaning.

A

symbolic function

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21
Q

Play involving imaginary people and
situations; also called fantasy play,
dramatic play, or imaginative play

A

pretend play

22
Q

Piaget’s term for a preoperational
child’s tendency to mentally link
particular phenomena, whether or not
there is logically a causal relationship.

A

transduction

23
Q

Tendency to attribute life to objects that
are not alive.

24
Q

Piaget’s term for awareness that two
objects that are equal according to a
certain measure remain equal in the
face of perceptual alteration so long as
nothing has been added to or taken
away from either object.

A

conservation

25
Piaget’s term for a preoperational child’s failure to understand that an operation can go in two or more directions.
irreversibility
26
Process by which information is prepared for long-term storage and later retrieval.
encoding
27
Retention of information in memory for future use.
storage
28
Process by which information is accessed or recalled from memory storage.
retrieval
29
Initial, brief, temporary storage of sensory information.
sensory memory
30
Short-term storage of information being actively processed.
working memory
31
Storage of virtually unlimited capacity that holds information for long periods.
long-term memory
32
In Baddeley’s model, element of working memory that controls the processing of information.
central executive
33
Conscious control of thoughts, emotions, and actions to accomplish goals or solve problems.
executive function
34
Ability to identify a previously encountered stimulus.
recognition
35
Ability to reproduce material from memory
recall
36
Memory that produces scripts of familiar routines to guide behavior.
generic memory
37
General remembered outline of a familiar, repeated event, used to guide behavior.
script
38
Long-term memory of specific experiences or events, linked to time and place.
episodic memory
39
Memory of specific events in one’s life.
autobiographical memory
40
Model, based on Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, that proposes children construct autobiographical memories through conversation with adults about shared events.
social interaction model
41
Individual intelligence tests for ages 2 and up used to measure fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, and working memory.
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales
42
Individual intelligence test for children ages 2½ to 7 that yields verbal and performance scores as well as a combined score.
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, Revised (WPPSI-IV)
43
Vygotsky’s term for the difference between what a child can do alone and what the child can do with help.
zone of proximal development (ZPD)
44
Temporary support to help a child master a task.
scaffolding
45
Process by which a child absorbs the meaning of a new word after hearing it once or twice in conversation.
fast mapping
46
The practical knowledge needed to use language for communicative purposes.
pragmatics
47
Speech intended to be understood by a listener.
social speech
48
Talking aloud to oneself with no intent to communicate with others.
private speech
49
Preschoolers’ development of skills, knowledge, and attitudes that underlie reading and writing.
emergent literacy
50
approach, named for the town in Italy in which the movement started in the 1940s Teachers follow children’s interests and support them in exploring and investigating ideas and feelings through words, movement, dramatic play, and music.
The Reggio Emilia Approach
51
method is based on the belief that children’s natural intelligence involves rational, spiritual, and empirical aspects
The Montessori Method