CH7

Question 1

Physical skills that involve large
muscles.

Answer 1

gross motor skills

Question 2

Physical skills that involve the small
muscles and eye-hand coordination.

Answer 2

fine motor skills

Question 3

Increasingly complex combinations of
skills, which permit a wider or more
precise range of movement and more
control of the environment.

Answer 3

systems of action

Question 4

Preference for using a particular hand.

Answer 4

handedness

Question 5

In Piaget’s theory, the second major
stage of cognitive development, in
which symbolic thought expands but
children cannot yet use logic effectively.

Answer 5

preoperational stage

Question 6

Children do not need to be in
sensorimotor contact with an object,
person, or event to think about it.

Children can imagine that objects or
people have properties other than those
they actually have.

Answer 6

Use of symbols

Question 7

Children are aware that superficial
alterations do not change the nature of
things.

Answer 7

Understanding of
identities

Question 8

Children realize that events have causes.

Answer 8

Understanding of
cause and effect

Question 9

Children organize objects, people, and
events into meaningful categories.

Answer 9

Ability to classify

Question 10

Children can count and deal with
quantities.

Answer 10

Understanding of
number

Question 11

Children become more able to imagine
how others might feel.

Answer 11

Empathy

Question 12

Children become more aware of mental
activity and the functioning of the mind.

Answer 12

Theory of mind

Question 13

Children focus on one aspect of a situation and
neglect others.

Answer 13

Centration: inability to decenter

Question 14

Children fail to understand that some operations
or actions can be reversed, restoring the
original situation.

Answer 14

Irreversibility

Question 15

Children fail to understand the significance of
the transformation between states.

Answer 15

Focus on states rather than transformations

Question 16

Children do not use deductive or inductive
reasoning; instead they see cause where none
exists.

Answer 16

Transductive reasoning

Question 17

Children assume everyone else thinks,
perceives, and feels as they do.

Answer 17

Egocentrism

Question 18

Children attribute life to objects not alive.

Answer 18

Animism

Question 19

Children confuse what is real with outward
appearance.

Answer 19

Inability to distinguish appearance from reality

Question 20

Piaget’s term for ability to use mental
representations (words, numbers, or
images) to which a child has attached
meaning.

Answer 20

symbolic function

Question 21

Play involving imaginary people and
situations; also called fantasy play,
dramatic play, or imaginative play

Answer 21

pretend play

Question 22

Piaget’s term for a preoperational
child’s tendency to mentally link
particular phenomena, whether or not
there is logically a causal relationship.

Answer 22

transduction

Question 23

Tendency to attribute life to objects that
are not alive.

Answer 23

animism

Question 24

Piaget’s term for awareness that two
objects that are equal according to a
certain measure remain equal in the
face of perceptual alteration so long as
nothing has been added to or taken
away from either object.

Answer 24

conservation

Question 25

Piaget’s term for a preoperational child’s
failure to understand that an operation
can go in two or more directions.

Answer 25

irreversibility

Question 26

Process by which information is
prepared for long-term storage and
later retrieval.

Answer 26

encoding

Question 27

Retention of information in memory for
future use.

Answer 27

storage

Question 28

Process by which information is
accessed or recalled from memory
storage.

Answer 28

retrieval

Question 29

Initial, brief, temporary storage
of sensory information.

Answer 29

sensory memory

Question 30

Short-term storage of information being
actively processed.

Answer 30

working memory

Question 31

Storage of virtually unlimited capacity
that holds information for long periods.

Answer 31

long-term memory

Question 32

In Baddeley’s model, element of
working memory that controls the
processing of information.

Answer 32

central executive

Question 33

Conscious control of thoughts,
emotions, and actions to accomplish
goals or solve problems.

Answer 33

executive function

Question 34

Ability to identify a previously
encountered stimulus.

Answer 34

recognition

Question 35

Ability to reproduce material from
memory

Answer 35

recall

Question 36

Memory that produces scripts of familiar
routines to guide behavior.

Answer 36

generic memory

Question 37

General remembered outline of a
familiar, repeated event, used to guide
behavior.

Answer 37

script

Question 38

Long-term memory of specific
experiences or events, linked to time
and place.

Answer 38

episodic memory

Question 39

Memory of specific events in one’s life.

Answer 39

autobiographical memory

Question 40

Model, based on Vygotsky’s sociocultural
theory, that proposes children construct
autobiographical memories through
conversation with adults about shared
events.

Answer 40

social interaction model

Question 41

Individual intelligence tests for ages
2and up used to measure fluid
reasoning, knowledge, quantitative
reasoning, visual-spatial processing,
and working memory.

Answer 41

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales

Question 42

Individual intelligence test for children
ages 2½ to 7 that yields verbal and
performance scores as well as a
combined score.

Answer 42

Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale
of Intelligence, Revised (WPPSI-IV)

Question 43

Vygotsky’s term for the difference
between what a child can do alone and
what the child can do with help.

Answer 43

zone of proximal development (ZPD)

Question 44

Temporary support to help a child
master a task.

Answer 44

scaffolding

Question 45

Process by which a child absorbs the
meaning of a new word after hearing it
once or twice in conversation.

Answer 45

fast mapping

Question 46

The practical knowledge needed to use
language for communicative purposes.

Answer 46

pragmatics

Question 47

Speech intended to be understood
by a listener.

Answer 47

social speech

Question 48

Talking aloud to oneself with no intent
to communicate with others.

Answer 48

private speech

Question 49

Preschoolers’ development of skills,
knowledge, and attitudes that underlie
reading and writing.

Answer 49

emergent literacy

Question 50

approach, named for the town in
Italy in which the movement started in the 1940s

Teachers follow children’s interests and support them in exploring and investigating ideas and feelings through words, movement, dramatic play, and music.

Answer 50

The Reggio Emilia Approach

Question 51

method is based on the belief that children’s
natural intelligence involves rational, spiritual, and empirical aspects

Answer 51

The Montessori Method