CH3

Question 1

this term refers to the process by which sperm and ovum—the male and female gametes, or sex cells—combine to create a single cell called a zygote, which then duplicates itself again and again by cell division to produce all the cells that make up a baby

Answer 1

fertilization

Question 2

this term refers to the one-celled organism resulting from fertilization

Answer 2

zygote

Question 3

this type of twins is conceived by the union of two different ova (or a single ovum that has split) with two different sperm cells; also called fraternal twins; they are no more alike genetically than any other siblings

Answer 3

dizygotic twins

Question 4

this type of twins results from the division of a single zygote after fertilization; also called identical twins; they are genetically similar

Answer 4

monozygotic twins

Question 5

this chemical carries inherited
instructions for the development of all
cellular forms of life

Answer 5

DNA

Question 6

this term refers to the sequence of bases within the DNA molecule; it governs the formation of proteins that determine the structure and functions of living cells

Answer 6

genetic code

Question 7

this term refers to the coils of DNA that consist of genes

Answer 7

chromosomes

Question 7

Explain how and when fertilization normally takes place?

Answer 7

fertilization takes place when male and female cells combine to create a zygote.

Fertilization normally occurs while the ovum is passing through the fallopian tube

Question 8

Distinguish between and
explain monozygotic and
dizygotic twins?

Answer 8

dizygotic twins are from two different ova with two different sperm while monozygotic twins come from a split zygote

Question 9

what are the four letters of the DNA alphabet?

Answer 9

TAGC

Thymine
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine

Question 10

this term refers to the small segments of DNA located in definite positions on particular chromosomes; functional units of heredity

Answer 10

genes

Question 11

this term refers to the complete sequence of genes in the human body

is a reference point, or representative genome, that shows the location of all human genes

Answer 11

human genome

Question 12

this term refers to the permanent alterations in genes or chromosomes that may produce harmful characteristics

Answer 12

mutations

Question 13

how many pairs of chromosomes does every cell in the human body have?

Answer 13

23 pairs of chromosomes

Question 14

Explain why the sperm normally determines a baby’s sex and discuss possible complicating factors?

Answer 14

idk yet

Question 14

what is mitosis?

Answer 14

a process by which the non–sex cells divide in half over and over again, the
DNA replicates itself, so that each newly formed cell has the same DNA structure as all the others

Question 14

what are autosomes?

Answer 14

In humans, the 22 pairs of chromosomes not related to sexual expression.

Question 14

Describe the structure of DNA and its role in the inheritance of characteristics?

Answer 14

the structure of DNA includes 4 base chemicals, TACG.

DNA is like a series of books in a library, unless those books are read by an enzyme called RNA polymerase, and transcribed by messenger RNA, the information within those books will not be actualized

Question 15

Distinguish between meiosis and mitosis?

Answer 15

in meiosis, sex cells end up with only 23 chromosomes while mitosis is for non-sex cells and they divide over and over again so that each cell has the same dna structure as all the others

Question 16

this term refers to two or more alternative forms of a gene that occupy the same position on paired chromosomes and affect the same trait.

Answer 16

alleles

Question 17

this term refers to the pattern of inheritance in which a child receives identical recessive alleles, resulting in expression of a nondominant trait.

Answer 17

recessive inheritance

Question 18

this word refers to possessing two identical alleles for a trait

Answer 18

homozygous

Question 18

this term refers to the combination of genetic and environmental factors to produce certain complex traits.

Answer 18

multifactorial transmission

Question 19

this word refers to possessing differing alleles for a trait

Answer 19

heterozygous

Question 19

Explain how epigenesis and genome imprinting occur, and give examples?

Answer 19

so epigenesis occurs by certain genes being turned on and off at different times of development , it's like how a skin cell and heart cell look different for genome imprinting, genetic information inherited from one parent is activated, but genetic information from the other parent is suppressed. an example in the book is Prader-Willi syndrome

Question 19

this term refers to the pattern of inheritance in which, when a child receives different alleles, only the dominant one is expressed.

Answer 19

dominant inheritance

Question 20

this term refers to the pattern of inheritance in which multiple genes at different sites on chromosomes affect a complex trait

Answer 20

polygenic inheritance

Question 20

this term refers to the mechanism that turns genes on or off and determines functions of body cells

Answer 20

epigenesis

Question 20

what is genome imprinting?

Answer 20

Imprinting is the differential expression of certain genetic traits, depending on whether the trait has been inherited from the mother or the father

Question 20

this term refers to the observable characteristics of a person

Answer 20

phenotype

Question 20

this term refers to the genetic makeup of a person, containing both expressed and unexpressed characteristics.

Answer 20

genotype

Question 20

this term refers to the pattern of inheritance in which certain characteristics carried on the X chromosome inherited from the mother are transmitted differently to her male and female offspring. if a woman has a bad copy of a gene she has a backup copy but if a guy has a bad copy of a gene, that gene will be expressed

Answer 20

sex-linked inheritance

Question 20

this term refers to the pattern of inheritance in which a child receives two different alleles, resulting in partial expression of a trait.

Answer 20

incomplete dominance

Question 20

Tell how dominant inheritance and recessive inheritance work, and why most normal traits are not the products of simple dominant or recessive transmission?

Answer 20

easy!

Question 21

Tell three ways chromosomal disorders occur?

Answer 21

Klinefelter syndrome is caused by an extra female sex chromosome (shown by the pattern XXY). Turner syndrome results from a missing sex chromosome (XO). Down Syndrome has an extra 21st chromosome

Question 21

this term refers to the chromosomal evere mental retardation and by such physical signs as a downward sloping skin fold at the inner corners of the eyes. Also called trisomy-21. extra 21st chromosome

Answer 21

down syndrome

Question 21

this term describes the tendency of twins to share the same trait or disorder.

Answer 21

concordant

Question 21

this term refers to the potential variability that depends on environmental conditions in the expression of a hereditary trait

Answer 21

reaction range

Question 21

this term refers to the clinical service that advises prospective parents of their probable risk of having children with hereditary defects.

Answer 21

genetic counseling

Question 21

this term refers to the statistical estimate of contribution of heredity to individual differences in a specific trait within a given population.

Answer 21

heritability

Question 21

State the basic assumption underlying studies of behavioral genetics and how it applies to family studies, twin studies, and adoption studies?

Answer 21

the relative influences of heredity and environment within a population can be measured statistically.

Question 21

Explain the operation of dominant inheritance, recessive inheritance, incomplete dominance, sex-linked inheritance, and mutations in transmission of birth defects?

Answer 21

lemme cook

Question 21

Explain the purposes of genetic counseling?

Answer 21

the purpose of genetic counseling is to advise parents of their risk of having children with hereditary defects

Question 21

this term refers to the quantitative study of relative hereditary and environmental influences on behavior.

Answer 21

behavioral genetics

Question 29

what does canalization mean?

Answer 29

The metaphor of canalization illustrates how heredity restricts the range of development for some traits

Question 30

this term refers to the effects of similar environmental conditions on genetically different individuals, and a discussion of these interactions is a way to conceptualize and talk about the different ways nature and nurture interact

Answer 30

genotype-environment interaction

Question 30

this term refers to the tendency of certain genetic and environmental influences to reinforce each other; may be passive, reactive (evocative), or active. Also called genotype-environment covariance.

Answer 30

genotype-environment correlation

Question 30

what are the three ways genotype-environment correlations works to strengthen the phenotypic expression of a genotypic tendency?

Answer 30

passive correlation reactive correlation active correlation

Question 30

what is passive correlation?

Answer 30

Parents, who provide the genes that predispose a child toward a trait, also tend to provide an environment that encourages the development of that trait. called passive because the child does not control it and has simply inherited the environment

Question 30

what are active correlations?

Answer 30

As children get older and have more freedom to choose their own activities and environments, they actively select or create experiences consistent with their genetic tendencies

Question 30

what are reactive correlations?

Answer 30

Children with differing genetic makeups evoke different reactions from others For example, parents who are not musically inclined may make a special effort to provide musical experiences for a child who shows interest and ability in music called reactive because the other people react to the child's genetic makeup

Question 30

this term refers to the tendency of a person, especially after early childhood, to seek out environments compatible with his or her genotype.

Answer 30

niche-picking

Question 30

this term refers to the unique environment in which each child grows up, consisting of distinctive influences or influences that affect one child differently than another.

Answer 30

nonshared environmental effects

Question 30

Explain and give at least one example of reaction range canalization, and each of the three genotype-environment correlations

Answer 30

lemme cook

Question 30

this term refers to the characteristic disposition, or style of approaching and reacting to situations.

Answer 30

temperament

Question 31

Differentiate the three types of genotype-environment correlation?

Answer 31

EASY AS FUCK

Question 32

is temperament largely inborn?

Answer 32

yes

Question 32

this term refers to the period of development between conception and birth.

Answer 32

gestation

Question 32

what is the cephalocaudal principle?

Answer 32

the cephalocaudal principle dictates that development proceeds from the head to the lower part of the trunk

Question 32

this principle dictates that development proceeds from parts near the center of the body to outer ones.

Answer 32

proximodistal principle

Question 32

this stage (first 2 weeks of prenatal development) is characterized by rapid cell division, blastocyst formation, and implantation in the wall of the uterus.

Answer 32

germinal stage

Question 32

this term refers to the attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine wall, occurring at about day 6.

Answer 32

implantation

Question 33

this is the second stage of gestation (2 to 8 weeks), and is characterized by rapid growth and development of major body systems and organs.

Answer 33

embryonic stage

Question 33

this term refers to the natural expulsion from the uterus of an embryo that cannot survive outside the womb; also called miscarriage.

Answer 33

spontaneous abortion

Question 34

this term refers to a miscarriage that occurs after 20 weeks of gestation

Answer 34

stillbirth

Question 34

this term refers to the final stage of gestation (from 8 weeks to birth), and is characterized by increased differentiation of body parts and greatly enlarged body size.

Answer 34

fetal stage

Question 34

this term refers to the prenatal medical procedure using high-frequency sound waves to detect the outline of a fetus and its movements, so as to determine whether a pregnancy is progressing normally

Answer 34

ultrasound

Question 34

this term refers to an environmental agent, such as a virus, a drug, or radiation, that can interfere with normal prenatal development and cause developmental abnormalities

Answer 34

teratogen

Question 34

Summarize recommendations for an expectant mother’s diet?

Answer 34

NO ALCOHOL

Question 34

this term refers to the combination of mental, motor, and developmental abnormalities affecting the offspring of some women who drink heavily during pregnancy.

Answer 34

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Question 34

this term refers to the physical or psychological demands on a person or organism.

Answer 34

stress

Question 34

this term refers to the viral disease that undermines effective functioning of the immune system. is a disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which undermines functioning of the immune system

Answer 34

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Question 34

Assess the risks of maternal illnesses, anxiety, stress, and advanced age on pregnancy?

Answer 34

later

Question 34

Discuss effects on the developing fetus of a parent’s use of medical drugs, alcohol, tobacco, caffeine, marijuana, cocaine, and methamphetamine?

Answer 34

marijuana = dumb baby ill read up on others later

Question 34

Discuss possible reasons for disparities in utilization of prenatal care?

Answer 34

In the United States, prenatal care is widespread but not universal as in many European countries; and it lacks uniform national standards and guaranteed financial coverage. mostly due to government policies the benefits of prenatal care are not evenly distributed

Question 34

Describe seven techniques for identifying defects or disorders prenatally?

Answer 34

look at table

Question 34

Tell why early, high-quality prenatal care is important and why preconception care is needed?

Answer 34

Early, high-quality prenatal care is essential for healthy development. It can lead to the detection of defects and disorders and, especially if begun early and targeted to the needs of at-risk women, may help reduce maternal and infant death, low birth weight, and other birth complications.