CH2

Question 1

a coherent set of logically related concepts that seeks to organize, explain, and predict data

Answer 1

theory

Question 2

possible explanations for phenomena, used to predict the outcome of research.

Answer 2

hypotheses

Question 3

this model views human development as a series of predictable responses to
stimuli.

Answer 3

mechanistic model

Question 4

what does the mechanistic model say about people?

Answer 4

people are like machines that react to environmental input

Question 5

this model views human development as internally initiated by an active organism and as occurring in a sequence of qualitatively different stages.

Answer 5

organismic model

Question 6

in the context of college students drinking too much alcohol, what does the mechanistic researcher look for?

Answer 6

a mechanistic theorist might look for environmental influences, such as advertising and whether the student’s friends are heavy drinkers.

Question 7

in the context of college students drinking too much alcohol, what does the organismic researcher look for?

Answer 7

an organismic researcher looks at what kinds of situations they choose to participate in, and with whom.

Question 8

this term refers to changes in number or amount, such as in height, weight, size of vocabulary, or frequency of communication.

Answer 8

quantitative change

Question 9

this term refers to discontinuous changes in kind, structure, or organization

Answer 9

qualitative change

Question 10

what are the five theoretical perspectives?

Answer 10

psychoanalytic
learning
cognitive
contextual
sociobiological/evolutionary

Question 11

this perspective is a view of human development as shapedby unconscious forces that motivate human behavior

Answer 11

psychoanalytic perspective

Question 12

in Freudian theory, this refers to an unvarying sequence of stages of childhood personality development in which gratification shifts from the mouth to the anus and then to the genitals

Answer 12

psychosexual development

Question 13

name Freud’s five stages of
development and three parts
of the personality?

Answer 13

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

ed, igo, superego

Question 14

in Erikson’s eight-stage theory, this term refers to the socially and culturally influenced process of development of the ego, orself

Answer 14

psychosocial development

Question 15

Tell two ways that Erikson’s theory differs from Freud’s?

Answer 15

erikson’s theory saw development as a lifelong process while freud just stopped at adolescence

Question 16

this view of human development holds that changes in behavior result from experience or from adaptation to the environment.

Answer 16

learning perspective

Question 17

this is a mechanistic theory that describes observed behavior as
a predictable response to experience

Answer 17

behaviorism

Question 18

what are the two kinds of associative learning?

Answer 18

classical conditioning and operant conditioning

Question 19

this term refers to learning based on associating a stimulus that does not ordinarily elicit a response with another stimulus that does elicit the response

Answer 19

classical conditioning

Question 20

this term refers to learning based on an association of behavior with its consequences

Answer 20

operant conditioning

Question 21

this term refers to the process by which a behavior is strengthened, increasing the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated

Answer 21

reinforcement

Question 22

this term refers to the process by which a behavior is weakened, decreasing the likelihood of
repetition

Answer 22

punishment

Question 23

this theory says that behaviors are learned by observing and imitating models.

Also called social cognitive theory

Answer 23

social learning theory

Question 24

Bandura’s term for bidirectional forces that affect development

the person acts on the world as the world acts on the person

Answer 24

reciprocal determinism

Question 25

this term refers to learning through watching the behavior of others

Answer 25

observational learning

Question 26

this term refers to the sense of one’s capability to master challenges and achieve goals

Answer 26

self-efficacy

Question 27

this term refers to Piaget’s theory that children’s cognitive development advances in a series of four stages involving qualitatively distinct types of mental operations

Answer 27

cognitive-stage theory

Question 28

Piaget’s term for the creation of categories or systems of knowledge

Answer 28

organization

Question 29

Piaget’s term for organized patterns of thought and behavior used in particular situations

Answer 29

schemes

Question 30

Piaget’s term for how children handle new information in light of what they already know term for adjustment to new information about the environment, achieved through processes of assimilation and accommodation

Answer 30

adaptation

Question 31

Piaget’s term for incorporation of new information into an existing cognitive structure

Answer 31

assimilation

Question 32

Piaget’s term for changes in a cognitive structure to include new information

Answer 32

accommodation

Question 33

Piaget’s term for the tendency to seek a stable balance among cognitive elements; achieved through a balance between assimilation and accommodation

Answer 33

equilibration

Question 34

List three interrelated principles that bring about cognitive growth, according to Piaget, and give an example of each?

Answer 34

organization - A new­born infant has a simple scheme for sucking ­ut soon develops varied schemes for how to suck at the ­reast, a ­ottle, or a thum­b adaptation - when a child looks at a plane for the first time, they label it as a bird but then learn what the differences are between a plane and a bird then experience a state of disequilibrium equilibrium - the child is then motivated to change their understanding to closely reflect their observation which inspires accommodation and through that, they are at equilibrium now

Question 35

this term refers to Vygotsky’s theory of how contextual factors affect children’s development described cognitive growth as a collaborative process

Answer 35

sociocultural theory

Question 36

this term refers to the gap between what they are already able to do by themselves and what they can accomplish with assistance

Answer 36

zone of proximal development

Question 37

this term refers to temporary support to help a child master a task

Answer 37

scaffolding

Question 38

Explain how Vygotsky’s theory differs from Piaget’s and how it applies to educational teaching and testing?

Answer 38

Vygotsky's theory differs by its emphasis on social interaction and the supportive assistance of scaffolding, there was no mention of social interaction in piaget's theory. vygotsky's theory would be applied by helping children with tests by giving them hints that would focus on their potential learning

Question 39

this approach seeks to explain cognitive development by analyzing the processes involved in making sense of incoming information and performing tasks effectively: such processes as attention, memory, planning strategies, decision-making, and goal-setting

Answer 39

information-processing approach

Question 40

Describe what information processing researchers do, and tell three ways in which such research can be applied?

Answer 40

these types of researchers look at the brain as a computer and wonder why the same inputs would lead to different outputs. their research can be applied to predict an infant's later intelligence and test, diagnose, and treat learning problems

Question 41

this view of human development sees the individual as inseparable from the social context

Answer 41

contextual perspective

Question 42

What does development look like from a contextual perspective?

Answer 42

development can be understood only in its social context. Contextualists see the individual, not as a separate entity interacting with the environment, but as an inseparable part of it

Question 43

this term refers to Bronfenbrenner’s approach to understanding processes and contexts of human development that identifies five levels of environmental influence

Answer 43

bioecological theory

Question 44

this theory is generally represented as a set of rings with the developing child in the middle

Answer 44

bioecological theory

Question 45

what are the five levels of environmental influence on an individual in the bioecological theory? explain each

Answer 45

microsystem - f2f interactions with siblings parents friends and classmates mesosystem - the interlocking influence of microsystems (PTA meetings). The child does not directly participate but still influences her exosystem - consists of interactions between a microsystem and an outside institution (government policies can affect a child everyday experiences) macrosystem - consists of overarching cultural patterns (raised in an open democratic society vs authoritarian with limited freedoms) chronosystem - represents the dimension of time (changes in family composition or place of residence etc)

Question 46

State the chief assumptions of the contextual perspective?

Answer 46

The child is not seen as just an outcome of development; the child is an active shaper of development

Question 46

this view of development focuses on evolutionary and biological bases of behavior

Answer 46

evolutionary/sociobiological perspective

Question 46

who proposed the evolutionary/sociobiological perspective?

Answer 46

E. O Wilson

Question 46

this term refers to the study of the adaptive behaviors of animal species in natural contexts

Answer 46

ethology

Question 46

what is the assumption of ethology?

Answer 46

The assumption is that such behaviors like tiger stripes or mating dances are evolved through natural selection

Question 46

this term refers to the application of Darwinian principles of natural selection and survival of the fittest to individual behavior

Answer 46

evolutionary psychology

Question 46

what are the psychological products of natural selection in humans known as?

Answer 46

cognitive adaptations

Question 46

Identify the chief focus of the evolutionary/sociobiological perspective and explain how Darwin’s theory of evolution underlies this perspective

Question 46

Tell me what kinds of topics ethologists and evolutionary psychologists study?

Answer 46

open-ended but personally, maybe how the natural environment affects the human mind?

Question 46

this type of research deals with objectively measurable data

Answer 46

quantitative research

Question 46

this term refers to the system of established principles and processes of scientific inquiry, which includes identifying a problem to be studied, formulating a hypothesis to be tested by research, collecting data, analyzing the data, forming tentative conclusions, and disseminating findings

Answer 46

scientific method

Question 46

this type of research focuses on non-numerical data, such as subjective experiences, feelings, or beliefs

Answer 46

qualitative research

Question 46

this term refers to the group of participants chosen to represent the entire population under study

Answer 46

sample

Question 46

this term refers to the selection of a sample in such a way that each person in a population has an equal and independent chance of being chosen

Answer 46

random selection

Question 46

Compare quantitative and qualitative research and give an example of each?

Answer 46

quantitative is more on numbers while qualitative is more on non numerical data like feelings or beliefs quantitative - correlation of nicotine intake and academic performance qualitative - the difference of coping mechanisms with atheists vs religious people

Question 46

Summarize the six steps in the scientific method and tell why each is important? (SO TRUE)

Answer 46

identification of problem formulation of hypotheses collection of data data analysis conclusion dissemination of findings

Question 47

Explain the purpose of random selection and tell how it can be achieved?

Answer 47

A random sample, especially a large one, is likely to represent the population well. one way to achieve random selection is to put the names of all my students in a bowl, stir it then pull out their names up until a certain number

Question 48

what are the types of self-reports?

Answer 48

diary, visual reports, interviews, and questionnaire

Question 49

Which interview technique do you think would yield more reliable results—structured or open-ended?

Answer 49

structured

Question 50

in this method of data collection, people are observed in their normal setting, with no attempt to manipulate behavior.

Answer 50

naturalistic observation

Question 51

in this method of data collection, participants are tested on abilities, skills, knowledge, competencies, or physical responses

Answer 51

behavioral and performance measures

Question 52

this term refers to the study of links between neural processes and cognitive abilities

Answer 52

cognitive neuroscience

Question 52

what are the four basic research designs used in developmental research?

Answer 52

case studies, ethnographic studies, correlational studies, and experiment

Question 53

what does an ethnographic study seek to do?

Answer 53

An ethnographic study seeks to describe the pattern of relationships, customs, beliefs, technology, arts, and traditions that make up a society’s way of life

Question 54

this term refers to the form of naturalistic observation in which researchers live or participate in societies or smaller groups they observe, as anthropologists often do for long periods of time

Answer 54

participant observation

Question 55

this term refers to a definition stated solely in terms of the operations used to measure a phenomenon

Answer 55

operational definition

Question 55

what does a correlational study seek to do?

Answer 55

A correlational study seeks to determine whether a correlation or statistical relationship, exists between variables, phenomena that change or vary among people or can be varied for purposes of research

Question 56

this term refers to the rigorously controlled, replicable procedure in which the researcher manipulates variables to assess the effect of one on the other

Answer 56

experiment

Question 57

this term refers to the assignment of participants in an experiment to groups in such a way that each person has an equal chance of being placed in any group

Answer 57

random assignment

Question 58

Explain why only a controlled experiment can establish causal relationships?

Answer 58

open-ended no need to list down whole answer

Question 59

Distinguish among laboratory, field, and natural experiments and tell what kinds of research seem most suitable to each?

Answer 59

OPEN ENDED

Question 60

Compare the advantages and disadvantages of various forms of data collection?

Answer 60

look at the tables

Question 61

this study is designed to assess age changes in a sample over time

Answer 61

longitudinal study

Question 61

this type of study is designed to assess age-related differences, in which people of different ages are assessed on one occasion

Answer 61

cross-sectional study

Question 61

this type of study combines cross-sectional and longitudinal techniques

Answer 61

sequential study

Question 62

what are the three principles of researchers in resolving ethical dilemmas?

Answer 62

beneficence respect for participants' autonomy and protection of those who are unable to exercise their own judgment justice

Question 63

List all ethical issues affecting rights of research participants

Answer 63

informed consent, avoidance of deception, protection from harm and loss of dignity and self-esteem, and guarantees of privacy and confidentiality.