CH4 Flashcards
what is parturition?
parturition is the act or process of giving birth
what are the three overlapping stages for labor?
dilation of the cervix —-> descent and emergence of the baby —–> expulsion of the placenta
this is used to track the fetus’s heartbeat during labor and delivery and to indicate how the fetal heart is responding to the stress of uterine contractions
electronic fetal monitoring
this method of delivery involves surgically removing the baby from the uterus
cesarean delivery
when is a cesarean performed?
a cesarean is commonly performed when labor progresses too slowly, when the fetus seems to be in trouble, or when the mother is bleeding vaginally
this method of childbirth seeks to
prevent pain by eliminating the mother’s
fear through education about the physiology of reproduction and training in breathing and relaxation during delivery
natural childbirth
what is a doula?
a doula is an experienced mentor who furnishes emotional support and information for a woman during labor.
this method of childbirth uses instruction, breathing exercises, and social support to induce controlled physical responses to uterine contractions and reduce fear and pain.
prepared childbirth
Describe the three stages of vaginal childbirth?
dilation of cervix then emergence of baby then expulsion of placenta
this period is the first 4 weeks of life, a time of transition from intrauterine dependency to
independent existence.
neonatal period
another term for newborn baby, up to 4 weeks old
neonate
this term refers to a condition in many newborn babies that is caused by immaturity of liver and evidenced by yellowish appearance; can cause brain damage if not treated promptly.
neonatal jaundice
this term refers to the lack of oxygen, which may cause brain damage
anoxia
Identify two dangerous conditions that can appear soon after birth?
anoxia and neonatal jaundice
this term refers to the standard measurement of a newborn’s condition; it assesses appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration
apgar scale
what does the APGAR scale stand for?
Appearance
Pulse
Grimace
Activity
Respiration
this is a neurological and behavioral test to
measure neonate’s responses to the
environment.
Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)
in this state of arousal, a baby’s eyes are either open or closed, it’s breathing is irregular, it’s movements are active and may smile, startle, suck, or have erections in response to stimuli
drowsiness
Discuss the uses of the Apgar scale and the Brazelton scale?
the APGAR scale is used for measuring the condition of a baby while the Brazelton scale is used to assess a baby’s neurological functioning and predict future development
this term refers to an infant’s physiological and behavioral status at a given moment in the
periodic daily cycle of wakefulness, sleep, and activity
state of arousal
this method of skin-to-skin contact in which
a newborn is laid face down between the mother’s breasts for an hour or so at a time after birth.
kangaroo care
in this state of arousal, the baby’s eyes are closed, it’s breathing is irregular, muscles twitch and is responsive to sound or lights and smiles in sleep
irregular sleep
in this state of arousal, a baby’s eyes are closed , it’s breathing is regular and slow, no movements and it cannot be aroused by mild stimuli
regular sleep
in this state of arousal, a baby’s eyes are open, it’s breathing is even, it is quiet and may move body while looking around, an interesting environment may maintain or initiate this state
alert, inactivity
in this state of arousal, a baby’s eyes are open, it’s breathing is irregular, there is a lot of activity, and external stimuli may bring about more activity
waking activity and crying
Explain how states of arousal reflect neurological status, and discuss variations in newborns’ states?
next time
these neonates have a weight of less than 5½ pounds (2,500 grams) at birth because of prematurity or being small-for-date.
low-birth-weight babies
these infants are born before completing the 37th week of gestation.
preterm (premature) infants
these are infants whose birth weight is less than that of 90 percent of babies of the
same gestational age, as a result of slow fetal growth.
small-for-date (small-for-gestational-age)
what are the 4 risks of increasing the likelihood that a woman will have an underweight baby
- demographic and socioeconomic factors
- medical factors predating the pregnancy
- prenatal behavior and environmental factors
- medical conditions associated with the pregnancy
this term refers to a fetus not yet born as of 2 weeks after the due date or 42 weeks after the
mother’s last menstrual period.
postmature babies
Explain why full immunization of all infants and preschoolers is important?
3 points
- many fatal illnesses are now preventable due to vaccines
- there is no link between neurological disorders and vaccines
- you can never have too many vaccines for your immune system.
Identify factors that affect growth?
genes and better nutrition or like improved food security
this term refers to the tendency of each of the brain’s hemispheres to have specialized functions.
lateralization
this term refers to the process by which cells acquire specialized structures and functions.
differentiation
this term refers to the process by which neurons coordinate the activities of muscle groups.
integration
what is the purpose of cell death?
cell death is a way to calibrate the developing brain to the local environment and help it
work more efficiently
this term refers to the automatic, involuntary, innate responses to stimulation.
reflex behaviors
Explain the functions of reflex behaviors and why some dropout?
there are primitive reflex behaviors lie grasping and postural reflexes like the parachute reflex, an attempt to break a fall, locomotor reflexes like walking and swimming reflexes.
when some reflexes disappear, it is a sign that motor pathways in the cortex have been partially myelinated, enabling a shift to voluntary behavior
how many major reflexes do human infants have?
27
this term refers to the malleability of the brain
plasticity
Discuss how early experience can affect brain growth and development both positively
and negatively, and give examples?
early experience can affect brain growth both positively and negatively thanks to plasticity,
on the positive side , enriched experiences like uhh learning a language can spur brain development
on the negative side, exposure to hazardous drugs or malnutrition can threaten the developing brain and delay neural development
what is the first sense to develop?
touch
what is the least developed sense at birth?
sight
Give evidence for early development of the senses?
touch - tickled a child to wake them up
smell and taste - newborns prefer sweet tastes like breast milk
hearing - at 1 month of age, a baby is able to distinguish sounds as close as ba and pa
sight - newborns blink at bright lights
this term refers to the increasingly complex combinations of motor skills, which permit a wider or more precise range of movement and
more control of the environment.
example: an infant tries to pick something up with their whole hand for the precision grasp then moves on to the pincer grasp which is used to pick up tiny objects
systems of action
this term refers to the screening test given to children 1 month to 6 years old to determine whether they are developing normally
Denver Developmental Screening Test
this term refers to the physical skills that involve the large muscles
gross motor skills
this term refers to the physical skills that involve the small muscles and eye-hand coordination.
fine motor skills
this term refers to the process of using other people’s emotional expressions to understand the world and guide our behavior
example: babies learn to look to caregivers for clues as to whether a situation is secure or
frightening
social referencing
this term refers to the use of the eyes to guide movements of the hands or other parts of the body.
visual guidance
this term refers to the ability to perceive objects and surfaces three-dimensionally
depth perception
this term refers to the ability to acquire information about properties of objects, such as size, weight, and texture, by handling them.
haptic perception
this term refers to the apparatus designed to give an illusion of depth and used to assess depth perception in infants.
visual cliff
this term refers to Esther Thelen’s theory, which holds that motor development is a dynamic process of active coordination of multiple systems within the infant in relation to
the environment.
dynamic systems theory (DST)
who developed the ecological theory of perception
Eleanor and James Gibson
this theory developed by Eleanor and
James Gibson, which describes developing motor and perceptual abilities as interdependent parts of a functional system that guides behavior in varying contexts.
in this theory, the baby is somewhat like a small scientist testing out new ideas in each situation
ecological theory of perception
Compare the Gibsons’ ecological theory of
perceptionand Thelen’s dynamic systems theory?
in the ecological theory of perception, the baby learns to learn and is a small scientists testing out different solutions but in the dynamic systems theory, the environment or circumstances are involved and the brain is just one part of the whole system or process
who developed the dynamic systems theory? (DST)
Esther Thelen
