Ch.7 Sleep/consiousness

Question 0

Biological clocks

Answer 0

Internal timing devices that are genetically set to regulate various physiological responses for different periods of time

Question 1

Implicit (or non declarative memory)

Answer 1

Means learning without awareness, such as occurs in emotional situations or in acquiring habits
Examples: walking, fear of spiders, falling in love

Question 2

Circadian rhythm

Answer 2

Refers to a biological clock that is genetically programmed to regulate a physiological response within a time period of 24 hours

Question 3

Your circadian clock is genetically set for how long of days

Answer 3

24 hours and 18 minutes

Question 4

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Answer 4

One of many groups of cells that make up the hypothalamus; a sophisticated biological clock that regulates a number of circadian rhythms including the sleep-wake cycle. Cells in this nucleus are highly responsive to changes in light

Question 5

Interval timing clock

Answer 5

Gauges the passage of seconds, minutes, or hours and helps people and animals time their movements
Ex: when you want to take an hour long nap and you wake up an hour later
Located in the basal ganglia

Question 6

Food-entrainable circadian clock

Answer 6

Also referred to as the midnight-snack clock

Regulates eating patterns in people and animals and might be responsible for late night eating

Question 7

Jet lag

Answer 7

The experience of fatigue, lack of concentration, and reduced cognitive skills that occurs when travelers biological circadian clocks are out of step with the external clock times at their new location

Question 8

Light therapy

Answer 8

The use of bright artificial light to reset circadian clocks and so combat the insomnia and drowsiness that plague jet lag sufferers and shift workers

Question 9

Melatonin

Answer 9

Secreted by the pineal gland

Melatonin secretion increases with darkness and decreases with light

Question 10

What controls the secretion of melatonin

Answer 10

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 11

Stage one of sleep

Answer 11

Transition from wakefulness to sleep

Theta waves

Question 12

Theta waves are

Answer 12

Lower in amplitude and frequency

Question 13

Stage 2

Answer 13

Theta waves plus sleep spindles (high frequency bursts of brain activity)
If someone in stage 2 is awoken they’ll report having been asleep

Question 14

Stage 4 sleep

Answer 14

Has delta waves
Heart rate, respiration, temperature, and blood flow to the brain are reduced
GH is secreted

Question 15

Delta waves

Answer 15

High amplitude and low frequency

Question 16

Rem sleep

Answer 16

Makes up 20% of sleep time

Waves look similar to beta waves which occur when you’re awake

Question 17

Rem behavior disorder

Answer 17

Which usually occurs in older people, voluntary muscles are not paralyzed, and sleepers can and do act out their dreams, such as fighting off attackers in dreams

Question 18

Rem rebound

Answer 18

Refers to individuals spending an increased percentage of time in REM sleep if they were deprived of REM sleep the previous nights

Question 19

REM sleep helps us

Answer 19

Store or encode information in memory

Question 20

Beta waves

Answer 20

A short one after awakening from sleep you enter a state of being awake and alert which has beta waves
Beta waves have high frequency and low amplitude

Question 21

Morning person temp change

Answer 21

Temperature rises more quickly and person gets up earlier

Temperature peaks early so the person goes to bed earlier

Question 22

Rem sleep gradually declines

Answer 22

Highest during infancy (50% of sleep is rem)

Question 23

Adolescents sleeping patterns

Answer 23

Need more sleep

Circadian clocks favor going to be later and getting up later

Question 24

Repair theory

Answer 24

Suggests that activities during the day deplete key factors in our brain or body that are replenished or repaired by sleep. Repair theory sees sleep as mainly a restorative process.

Question 25

Adaptive theory of sleep

Answer 25

Suggests that sleep evolved because it prevented early humans and animals from wasting energy and exposing themselves to the dangers of nocturnal predators

Question 26

Sleep deprivation physiological effects

Answer 26

Compromises our immune systems
Increased production of stress hormones
Elevated blood pressure

Question 27

VPN-ventrolateral preoptic nucleus

Answer 27

A group of cells in the hypothalamus that act like a master switch for sleep

Question 28

VPN secretes what neurotransmitter

Answer 28

GABA

Question 29

Reticular formation

Answer 29

A column of cells that stretches the length of the brain stem, arouses and alerts the forebrain and prepares it to receive information from all the senses
-important in keeping the forebrain alert and producing a state of wakefulness

Question 30

SAD-seasonal affective disorder

Answer 30

A pattern of depressive symptoms, such as loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities that cycle with the seasons

Question 31

Highest incidence of SAD

Answer 31

New Hampshire

Question 32

Freuds theory of dreams

Answer 32

Says that we have a “censor” that protects us from realizing threatening or unconscious desires or wishes, especially those involving sex or aggression

Question 33

Theory that dreams are EXTENSIONS OF WAKING LIFE

Answer 33

Means that our dreams reflect the same thoughts, fears, concerns, problems, or emotions that we have when awake

Question 34

Activation-synthesis theory

Answer 34

Says that dreaming occurs because brain areas that provide reasoned cognitive control during the waking state are shut down. As a result, the sleeping brain is stimulated by different chemical and neural influences that result in dreams

Question 35

Inuit theory of dreams

Answer 35

Believe that in dreaming one enters the spiritual world, where the souls of animals, supernaturals, and departed relatives are made known

Question 36

Insomnia

Answer 36

Refers to difficultly in either going to sleep or staying asleep through the night

Question 37

Non drug treatment for insomnia

Answer 37

Establish an optimal sleep pattern

Question 38

Benzodiazepines

Answer 38

Reduce anxiety, worry, and stress and are effective and relatively safe when taken in moderate doses in the short term
Possible dependence on the drug

Question 39

Non benzodiazepines

Answer 39

Rapidly becoming popular sleeping pills because they are fast acting, reduce daytime drowsiness, have fewer side effects, and are less likely to lead to dependence

Question 40

Sleep apnea

Answer 40

Refers to repeated periods during sleep when a person stops breathing for 10 seconds or longer.
Treatment: sew tennis balls in the back of pajamas, air mask

Question 41

Narcolepsy

Answer 41

A chronic disorder that is marked by excessive sleepiness, usually in the form of sleep attacks or short periods of sleep throughout the day
Treatment: hypocretin based medicine

Question 42

Night terrors

Answer 42

Occur durning stage 3 or 4
Frightening experiences that often start with a piercing scream, followed by sudden waking in a fearful state with rapid breathing and increased heart rate

Question 43

Nightmares

Answer 43

Occur during REM sleep, are very frightening and anxiety producing images that occur during dreaming

Question 44

Sleepwalking

Answer 44

Occurs in stage 3 or 4

Consists of getting up and walking while literally sound asleep