Ch. 10 & Ch.11

Question 0

Thorndike

Answer 0

Law of effect

Question 1

Operant conditioning

Answer 1

A kind of learning in which an animal or human performs some behavior and the following consequence (reward or punishment) increases or decreases the chance that an animal or human will again perform that same behavior

Question 2

Law of effect

Answer 2

States that behaviors followed by positive consequences are strengthened, while behaviors followed by negative consequences are weakened

Question 3

BF Skinner

Answer 3

Operant conditioning

Question 4

Operant response

Answer 4

A response that can be modified by its consequences and is a meaningful unit of ongoing behavior that can be easily measured

Question 5

Shaping

Answer 5

A procedure in which an experimenter successively reinforces behaviors that lead up to or approximate the desired behavior

Question 6

Superstitious behavior

Answer 6

A behavior that increases in frequency because it’s occurrence is accidentally paired with the delivery of a reinforcer

Question 7

Primary reinforcer

Answer 7

A stimulus, such as food, water or sex, that is innately satisfying and requires no learning on the part of the subjects to become pleasurable

Question 8

Secondary reinforcer

Answer 8

Any stimulus that has acquired it’s reinforcing power through experience

Question 9

Schedule of reinforcement

Answer 9

Refers to a program or rule that determines how and when the occurrence of a response will be followed by a reinforcer

Question 10

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 10

Means that every occurrence of the operant response results in delivery of the reinforcer

Question 11

Partial reinforcement

Answer 11

Refers to a situation in which responding is reinforced only some of the time

Question 12

Fixed-ratio schedule

Answer 12

Means that a reinforcer occurs only after a fixed number of responses are made by the subject

Question 13

Fixed-interval schedule

Answer 13

Means that a reinforcer occurs following the first response that occurs after a fixed interval of time

Question 14

Variable-ratio schedule

Answer 14

Means that a reinforcer is delivered after an average hunger of correct responses has occurred

Question 15

Variable-interval schedule

Answer 15

Means that a reinforcer occurs following the first correct response after an average amount of time has passed

Question 16

Edward tolman

Answer 16

Says that we make cognitive maps which are mental representation in the brain of the layout of an environment and it’s features

Question 17

Social cognitive learning

Answer 17

Results from watching, imitating, and modeling and does not require the observer to preform any observable behavior or receive any observable reward

Question 18

Learning-performance distinction

Answer 18

Means that learning may occur but may not always be measured by, or immediately evident in, performance

Question 19

Köhler

Answer 19

Insight in animals

Question 20

Insight

Answer 20

A mental process marked by sudden and unexpected solution to a problem: a phenomenon often called the ah-ha experience

Question 21

Biological factors

Answer 21

Refer to innate tendencies or predispositions that may either facilitate or inhibit certain kinds of learning

Question 22

Encoding

Answer 22

Refers to making mental representation of information so that it can be placed into our memories

Question 23

Storing

Answer 23

The process of placing encoded information into relatively permanent mental storage

Question 24

Sensory memory

Answer 24

Refers to an I thank process that receives and holds environmental information in it’s raw form for a brief period of time, from an instant to several seconds
-held in memory for a second or two

Question 25

Short term memory

Answer 25

Also called working memory
Refers to another process that can hold only a limited amount of information
7 items of information
2-30 seconds

Question 26

Long term memory

Answer 26

Refers to the process of storing almost unlimited amounts of information over long periods of time

Question 27

Iconic memory

Answer 27

A form of sensory memory that automatically holds visual information for about a quarter of a second or more
Icon=image

Question 28

Echoic memory

Answer 28

A form of sensory memory that holds auditory information for 1 or 2 seconds

Question 29

Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 29

Refers to the practice of intentionally repeating or rehearsing information so that it remains longer in short term memory

Question 30

Interference

Answer 30

Results when new information enters short term memory and over writes or pushes out information that is already there

Question 31

Chunking

Answer 31

Combining separate items of information into a larger unit or chunk and then remembering chunks of information rather than individual items

Question 32

Primacy effect

Answer 32

Refers to better recall, or improvement in retention, of information presented at the beginning of a task

Question 33

Recency effect

Answer 33

Refers to better recall, or improvement in retention, of information presented at the end of a task

Question 34

Primacy-recency effect

Answer 34

Refers to better recall of information presented at the beginning and end of a task

Question 35

Declarative memory

Answer 35

Involves memories for facts or events, such as scenes, stories, words, conversations, faces or daily events

Question 36

Semantic memory

Answer 36

A type of declarative memory and involved knowledge of facts, concepts, words, definitions, and language rules

Question 37

Episodic memory

Answer 37

A type of declarative memory and involves knowledge of specific events, personal experiences, or activities, such as naming or describing favorite restaurants, movies, songs, habits, or hobbies

Question 38

Procedural memory

Answer 38

Non declarative memory

Memories for motor skills, some cognitive skills, and emotional behaviors learned through classical conditioning

Question 39

Automatic encoding

Answer 39

The transfer of information from short term into long term memory without any effort and usually without any awareness

Question 40

Effortful encoding

Answer 40

Involves the transfer of information from short term into long term memory either by working hard to repeat or rehearse the information or especially by making associations between new and old information

Question 41

Levels of processing theory

Answer 41

Remembering depends on how information is encoded. If you encode by paying attention only to basic features, info is encoded at a shallow level and results in poor recall. If you encode by making new associations, this info will be encoded at a deeper level, which results in better recall

Question 42

Flashbulb memories

Answer 42

Vivid recollections, usually in great detail, of dramatic or emotionally charged incidents that are of interest to the person.

Question 43

Eidetic imagery

Answer 43

Form of photographic memory that occurs in children, is the ability to examine a picture or page for 10-30 seconds and then for several minutes hold in one’s mind a detailed visual image of the material