Ch19&20 Flashcards
Positive regard
Love,sympathy,warmth, and acceptance which we crave from family, friends, and people who are important to us
Alfred Adler
- inferiority complex
- said humans are motivated by social urges
- his theory became individual psychology
Karen Horney
Disagreed with Freuds view of women and disagreed with penis envy
-most important factor in child’s development was child-parent social interactions
Your perception of the world becomes you reality
Humanistic
Phenomenological perspective
You should look at the whole situation not just one part of someone’s personality
Hollistic View
Humanistic theory
We are driven to be all we can be
Humanistic theory
Self actualization
Carl Jung
- collective unconscious
- created analytical psychology but it didn’t have a large impact on current psychology
Characteristics of self actualized individuals
- perceive reality accurately
- they are independent and autonomous
- prefer to have a deep loving relationship with only a few people
- focus on accomplishing goals
Maslows hierarchy of needs
- biological
- safety
- love and belonging
- esteem and approval
- self actualization
Growth needs
Needs at the higher level and nc lied the desire for truth,goodness, beauty, justice
Superego
Goal is to apply the moral values and standards to satisfy ones wishes
Carl Rodgers
- self theory
- self concept
- self actualizing tendency
Real self
Based on our actual experiences and represents how we really see ourselves
Ideal self
Based on our hopes and wishes and reflects how we would like to see ourselves
Conditional positive regard
Positive regard we receive if we behave uncertain ways such as living up to or meeting standards of others
Deficiency needs
Physiological (food,sleep) and psychological (safety,love,esteem) needs we try to meet if they are not met
Criticism of humanistic theories
- Little scientific support
2. Doesn’t take into account genetic factors
Social cognitive theory
-personality is shaped by three forces:
•environmental conditions
•cognitive-personal factors
•behavior
Cognitive factors
Our beliefs, expectations, values, intentions, and social roles
Personal factors
Our emotional make up and our biological and genetic influences
To develop self efficacy
Use previous experiences, compare your capabilities, listen to what others say about your capabilities, and use feed back from your body
Environmental factors
Social, political, and cultural influences as well as our particular learning experiences
Trait theory
An approach for analyzing the structure if personality by measuring, identifying, and classifying similarities and differences in personality characteristics or traits
Bandura’s social cognitive theory assumes that personality development, growth, and change is influenced by:
- Highly developed language
- Observational learning
- Purposeful behavior
- Self analysis
Reciprocal determinism
The three factors affect each other
Delay of gratification—three traits it correlates with
- more intelligent
- Greater social responsibility
- Strive for higher achievement
Self efficacy
Refers to the confidence in your ability to organize and execute a given course of action to solve a problem or accomplish a task
Ego
Goal is to find socially acceptable ways of satisfying the id’s desires within the range of the super egos prohibitions
Follows the reality principle
Raymond Cattell
Used factor analysis to harrow Allport’s list to 35 basic traits which Cartell called Source Traits
Unconditional positive regard
Refers to the warmth,acceptance, and love that others show you because you are valued as a human being even though you may disappoint people
Gordon Allport
Went through the dictionary and selected 4500 words which he considered to fit in the category of traits
Factor analysis
A complicated statistical method that finds relationships among many different or diverse items and allows them to be grouped together
Trait
Relatively stable and enduring characteristic to behave in a particular way
Five factor model
Organizes personality traits and describes differences in personality using five categories
Ocean
Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
Person situation interaction
A persons behavior results from an interaction between his or her traits and the effect of being in or responding to cues from a particular situation
Longitudinal method
Same group of individuals is studied repeatedly at many points in time
Personality traits are relatively fixed by
30
Reality principle
To satisfy a wish or desire only if there is a socially acceptable outlet available
Behavioral genetics
The study of how inherited or genetic factors influence and interact with psychological factors to shape our personality, intelligence, and emotions, etc
Heritability
A statistical measure that estimates how much or some cognitive, personality or behavioral trust is influenced by genetic factors
Personality percentages
40% genetic factors
27% non shared environmental factors
26% error
7% shared environmental factors
Id
- Contains two biological drives, sex and aggression,
- follows pleasure principle
Pleasure principle
To satisfy biological drives
Three methods to uncover the unconscious
Free association
Dream interpretation
Slips of the tongue
Freudian slips
Psychodynamic theory if personality
Emphasizes the importance of early hold good experiences, the importance of repressed thoughts, and the conflicts between the unconscious and the conscious
Freud
Conscious thoughts
Wishes, desires, or thoughts that we are aware of or can recall at any given time
Freud
Unconscious forces
Represent wishes, desires, or thoughts that because of their disturbing nature we automatically repress and can not voluntarily access
Freud
Unconscious motivation
Freud
Refers to the influence of repressed thoughts, desires, or impulses on our conscious thoughts and behaviors
Validity
The test measures what it says it measures
Reliability
You should get the same score each time
